In the current era, students of biology are faced with a vastly different landscape. The field has become more molecular-focused, with molecular biology tools playing a crucial role in advancing our understanding and solving longstanding problems related to the genomes of plants and animals. These tools have proven to be highly effective when combined with traditional research methods to study the structure and function of millions of genes.

The book chapters included in this volume provide readers with up-to-date information on methods and protocols in a simplified format that is easy to understand and implement. These methods and protocols serve as a gold-standard reference for scientists aiming to develop and enhance their molecular biology skills towards the discovery of new biological relationships. The book has been organized into 10 chapters, each containing an introduction, principle, protocol, applications, and troubleshooting tips. It is designed to meet the needs of graduate and postgraduate students, as well as research scholars.

1.Laboratory Equipments and Its Usage 2.Buffers 3. Cell Culture 15-45 4. Nucleic Acid Extraction 47-64 5. Determination of Quality and Quantity ofNucleic Acids 65-70 6. Polymerase Chain Reaction 71-83 7. Electrophoresis 85-100 8. Restriction Digestion of Enzymes 101-108 9. Blotting 109-132 10. Cloning 133-143 11. Sequencing of Nucleic Acids 145-157