Developments in Physiology,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants Vol 01

Bose, Bandana & A.Hemantaranjan: ed.

ImprintNIPA
ISBN 9788189422028
Year2005
Pages312 pages, 25cm
LanguageEnglish

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The book is exceptional in its organization with three major characteristics of plant system i.e. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology been provided under one canopy. Physiology, which deals with all the vital activities of a plant and also explains how it reacts to sustain in natural distress similarly within the plant, the types of physiological actions at biochemical level forming innumerable compounds through chains of biochemical reactions at various levels of plant growth and development becomes Biochemistry. However, the curiosity and thirst of knowledge of human being is endless. Man has been providing still inside up to the molecular and genetic levels to understand the nature of biochemical reactions and to control if possible up to the desired level and that is Molecular Biology. Now this is the time to elevate most relevant work of academic and applied importance out of vast research of diverse significance done in the last fifty years.
Bandana Bose: Professor and Head: Department of Plant Physiology,Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221 005, Uttar Pradesh (India) A. Hemantaranjan: Professor: Department of Plant Physiology: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221 005, Uttar Pradesh (India)
1. Physiological and Molecular Advances in Plant Iron Nutrition 2. Phospholipid Metabolism in Plants 3. Metabolism of Sucrose and Starch in Plants. Synthesis and Their Degradation 4. Nitrate Assimilation and Nitrate Reductase Activity 5. Plant Water Relationships and Strategies to Improve Salt Tolerance 6. Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution in Plants 7. Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pulses and Cereals 8. PGPR. A New Group of Biofertilizers for Sustainable Crop Productivity 9. Towards An Understanding of the Factors Affecting Productivity of Fruit Crops 10. Role of Herbicides in Improving Crop Yields

	S. No.	Chapter Name	Author Name	Author Detail	Pages		Price
	1	Physiological and molecular ADVANCES IN plant iron nutrition	A. Hemantaranjan1, Bandana Bose1, O. K. Garg1, and D. N. Tyagi1	1Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005	19	Read More
Iron in the terrain’s crust is more oxidized now than it was when life evolved. It has been hypothesized that dissolved ferrous iron could have been a convenient oxygen acceptor and that deposition of oxidized iron in sediments must have taken place before oxygen could have entered the atmosphere in significant quantities. Obviously, during early evolution on this planet, the essential elements are present only in reduced form. Today a number of elements are present only in a highly oxidized form and considerable energy must be expanded to reduce them to a form similar to that on early earth which plants can utilize.
	2	PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM IN PLANTS	Pramod Kumar	1Senior Scientist (Plant Physiology), Crop Improvement Division, Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora - 263 601	16	Read More	USD 19.99
Phospholipids are the most abundant lipids of biological membranes. They serve primarily as structural components of membranes and are never stored in large amounts. As the name of phospholipid implies, this group of lipids contains phosphorus in the form of phosphoric acid groups. The major phospholipids found in membranes are the phosphoglycerides (phosphatides) (Fig.1). Which have two fatty acid molecules esterified to the first and second hydroxyl groups of glycerol. The third hydroxyl group of glycerol forms an ester linkage with phosphoric acid. Besides this, phosphatides contain a second alcohol, which is also esterified
	3	Metabolism of Sucrose and Starch in Plants: Synthesis and their Degradation	Padmanabh Dwivedi	Department of Botany, Arunachal University, Rono Hills, Itanagar - 791 111	15	Read More	USD 19.99
The metabolism of carbohydrates is vital for plant growth and development, and to the yield of major plant products such as starch and sucrose. Starch, sucrose and fructose are the three important carbohydrates which are utilized in most of the higher plants. The majority of sucrose that is synthesized in higher plants during photosynthesis is exported to non-photosynthetic cells (ap Rees, 1992). Starch serves as an important storage for carbohydrate residues. The degradation (breakdown) of starch ensures retaining of important life processes in plants when there is carbon shortage, for instance, during night period in leaves or in resting organs such as potato tubers.
	4	NITRATE ASSIMILATION AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY	M. KAR AND B.K. GHOSH	1Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar - 751 003	28	Read More	USD 19.99
Among plant nutrients, our soils are particularly low in nitrogen and therefore, require is high doses of nitrogenous fertilizers for getting optimum productivity. Added to this is the problem of poor efficiency of nitrogeneous fertilizers which under normal conditions is only 40 – 50 %, still less for rice ranging from 25 – 35 %, and the residual effect for the succeeding crops is never more than 10 %. The rest of the applied nitrogen is lost either through volatilization, leaching or denitrification (Kashyap, 1978). The high cost of nitrogenous fertilizers and their poor utilization efficiency very much add to the high cost of cultivation. Hence, the need of the hour is to decrease our dependence on chemical fertilizers and increase the efficiency of the fertilizer thus used. The increase in nitrogen efficiency in crop plants can be achieved by reducing denitrification with the use of nitrification inhibitors, reducing the soil compaction, improving drainage conditions, use of soil improving crops, and adopting carefully the irrigation procedures (Carlson, 1980). No doubt exploration of this possibility is a big task, nevertheless, the understanding of physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen nutrition at molecular level is obligatory and is likely to add insight to achieve the hard task goal.
	5	PLANT WATER RELATIONSHIPS AND STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SALT TOLERANCE	VINOD GOYAL	1Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004	24	Read More	USD 19.99
The purpose of writing this chapter is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the role of functions of water in plant growth and development. Water is essential to life on earth as the living organisms contain 80-90 per cent water. A typical crop or grassland will transpire approximately 500 ml of water per 10 g of dry matter produced. Water has a tremendous effect on the environment near the earth, which on regional basis we call ‘climate’. Ecological importance of water is due to its physiological importance because water affects the plant growth through physiological processes. All metabolic activities in the plant cell or tissue depend on water status of the plant. For example, in a maturing seed, respiration rate is highest as it moves towards maturation stage, water content decreases and hence rate of respiration slow down. At the harvesting stage, when the water content is 10-20%, the respiration rates become negligible. Now in a stored seed if the water content will be high it will result into higher respiration, thus release energy, which will increase the temperature and will finally destroy the seed.
	6	Impact of heavy metal pollution in plants	A. K. Bera, Anita Bera and Samadrita Barman Roy	1Department of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, P.O. Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Dist. Nadia - 741 252,2Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Calcutta University, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata - 700 019,3Chinusurah Rice Research Station, Govt. of West Bengal, P.O.Chinsurah, Dist. Hooghly - 712 103	20	Read More	USD 19.99
One of the most dangerous ecological crises being faced by all living organism now-a-days is the pollution of the environment. It is easier to describe pollution rather than to define it. It is presumed that the environment in past was more or less pure. But due to various activities of man such as industrialization, urbanization, agricultural practices etc, composition of the environment gets changed which is called environmental pollution. Any substance that creates pollution is called ‘pollutant’. There are different types of pollution among which pollution caused by toxic level of heavy metal pollutants is called heavy metal pollution.
	7	BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION IN PULSES AND CEREALS	J.D.S. PANWAR AND VIJAY LAXMI	1Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Microbiology Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur - 208 024	34	Read More	USD 19.99
After water, nitrogen is the most critical nutritive element for crop productivity and human efforts to produce food and energy have greatly changed the nitrogen cycle of the earth. Sustainable cropping systems throughout history and across the world have relied on the combination of a cereal with an N-fixing legume. In recent history, cereals have dominated global agriculture, while legume areas and productivity have stagnated or even declined. An atmosphere around us contains nearly 78% nitrogen, which is in free form. Hence it is not available to plants. At present, India produces around 206 million metric tones of foodgrains for its growing population, increased foodgrain cannot be produced unless we carefully make use of biological nitrogen. Biological nitrogen fixation is the key to sustain agricultural productivity through the application of biofertilizers in the field. However, there is an urgent need to transfer this technology on the field to farmers and industry by producing these fertilizers on large scale.
	8	PGPR : A new group of biofertilizers for sustainable crop productivity	J.D.S. Panwar1 and K. Swarnalakshmi1	1Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur - 208 024	22	Read More	USD 19.99
To keep pace with the ever-increasing demand for crop yield by the exploding population, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production has become indispensable. Production cost of agriculture has skyrocketed owing to the abandoning of green, organic farmyard manure and use of chemicals. However, the problems associated with chemical pesticides are abundant. The excessive application of chemical fertilizers causes soil sealing, fertility diminishing and residual problems. The leftover chemical fertilizers and pesticides have seriously affected the quality of agricultural products, people’s health and caused environmental pollution. The over use of fertilizers has also damaged the soil’s original micro-ecological balance and deteriorated the diseases spread by soil. While some pesticides must be abandoned because of their unacceptable non-target effect, there will always be a need in agriculture for safe and selective chemicals to limit the effects of pests. More significantly, it is becoming increasingly more difficult and expensive to find new kinds of synthetic chemical pesticides. Implications of chemical pesticides in ecological, environmental and human health problems have increased public awareness and concern regarding the continued use of agrichemicals that are damaging to human or environmental health thereby obviating the search for effective alternative approaches which have minimal deleterious effects, more environmentally friendly, and will contribute to the goal of sustainability in agriculture. In this line Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) present immense potential and promise as effective substitutes for chemicals. PGPR enhance plant growth and survival, control soil-borne fungi, and induces systemic resistance to phytopathogens and is used as inoculants for biofertilization, phytostimulation and biocontrol.
	9	Towards an understanding of the factors affecting productivity of fruit crops	V. K. Singh	Fruit Physiology Laboratory, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, (ICAR), Lucknow - 227 107	21	Read More	USD 19.99
India has a big challenge in fruit production in the current backdrop of decreasing per capita land holding and static fruit productivity. In recent years, China has surpassed and secured top position in the fruit production in the world accounting for 4,44,651 mt production followed by India and Brazil. Now Chinese share in the fruit production is around 13 per cent while India contributes 10.2 per cent, Brazil 8 per cent and USA 6 per cent of total fruit production.
	10	ROLE OF HERBICIDES IN IMPROVING CROP YIELDS	I.V. Subba Rao1 and T.Y. Madhulety1	1Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030	85	Read More	USD 19.99
Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which interfere with the utilization of land and water resources and pollute atmosphere with their allergic pollen thus affecting human welfare adversely. They are the plants out of place, growing where we want other plants or no plants at all. They compete with desirable and beneficial vegetation reducing the yield and quality of the produce. The effect of weeds in agriculture or horticulture is greatest. There is a scanty reliable study of worldwide damage to crop yields due to weeds. Whether the data are available or not, it is well known that losses caused by weeds exceed the losses from any category of agricultural pest, viz., insects, nematodes, diseases, rodents etc. Weeds account for 45% while insects 30%, diseases 20% and other pests 5% of the total annual loss of agricultural produce186.

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