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Entrepreneurship Development in Agriculture |
J.P.Sharma1 & Nishi Sharma2 |
1Head, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. 2Senior Technical Officer, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research,Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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The concept of entrepreneurship has a wide range of meanings. On one extreme, an entrepreneur is a person of very high aptitude who pioneers change, possessing characteristics found in only a very small fraction of the population. On the other extreme of definitions, anyone who wants to work for himself or herself is considered to be an entrepreneur. The word entrepreneur originates from the French word, entreprendre, which means “to undertake.” In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriarn-Webster Dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise.
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Micro-enterprise Development : An Overview |
Dipika Hajong1 & R.N. Padaria2 |
1 Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-12, 2 Principal Scientist, Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012.. |
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Skills and knowledge are the driving forces of economic growth and social development of any country. India is moving progressively towards becoming a ‘Knowledge economy’ it becomes increasingly important that the focus is made on advancement of skills and these skills have to be relevant to the emerging economic environment. In old economy, skill development largely meant development of shop floor or manual skills. In new or knowledge economy the skill sets can range from professional, conceptual, managerial, operational behavioral to interpersonal skills and inter-domain skills. In the 21st century as science progresses towards a better understanding of the miniscule, that is, genes, nano-particles, bits and bytes and neurons, knowledge domains and skill domains also multiply and become more and more complex. Micro enterprise development is one of the strategies seen to bring about pro-poor economic growth.
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Resource Appraisal for Micro-enterprise Development in Agriculture |
RASHMI Singh1 & Shantanu Kumar Dubey2 |
1 Senior Scientist, Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-012. 2 Senior Scientist, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Of all kinds of resources; financial, natural, physical and human resources, the most critical resources for any endeavor are the human resources involved in it. Physical, natural and economic resources are important for facilitating development of any nation but the most important are the human resources. Human resources are the most significant of all the resources to convert all other available resources into production and economic entities. Capable, efficient and motivated human resources can bring about the tremendous positive change towards progress. No doubt, it is equally true that inefficient people can wither away a whole empire and squander away its precious wealth and abundance. People are the real wealth of nations. Resource appraisal is very significant for micro-enterprise development especially in rural areas. A developing economy like India needs entrepreneurs who are competent to perceive new opportunities and are willing to incur the necessary risks in exploiting them. Rural areas are infrastructurally poor and to take up any entrepreneurial venture in such a scenario appears to be enormous to the simple farmer who has been engaged in cultivating the land in a traditional manner. Developing agri-enterprises is needed urgently to enhance the productivity and incomes of the farmers from their ever shrinking agricultural lands.
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Product Identification and SWOT Analysis |
J. P. Sharma1 & Rashmi Singh2 |
1 Head, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. 2 Senior Scientist, Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Having decided to become an agri-preneur, the next task is to decide what business to venture into, the product or range of products that shall be taken up for manufacture and in what quantity. This may sound simple, it is the hardest and the single most important decision one will take in this whole business of setting up a small-scale enterprise. As the old saying goes “well begun is half done”, and if the decision to select a product is right, basically enterprise will do well, if not there are likely to be troubles ahead. One of the reasons why many small scale units become “sick” is that no serious thought is given by the entrepreneur before starting the unit on whether there is reasonable chance of succeeding in the product selected. Even after one has taken a correct decision, all sorts of things can happen and upset the plans, but in such cases, one can retrieve the situation, provided the product selected is intrinsically sound. There could be factors beyond control and one must be prepared to face them.Entrepreneurial activity is essentially person - oriented, in making your mind what to make, the first thing is to analyse yourself, what is your interest? What are your basic skills. In what field you are good. Therefore, the personality (strengths, weaknesses, preferences, values, etc.) of the entrepreneur will affect his / her choice of business opportunity.Business opportunity and the corresponding entrepreneurial response together form die foundation on which the building of a new venture rests. If the foundation is weak or defective, the building may collapse or require extensive repairs and support efforts over time. So all the care and effort, time and trouble taken to select the right business opportunity will be more than adequately compensated once the enterprise is running successfully.
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Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops |
Balraj Singh |
Principal Scientist, and Incharge, Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012. |
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In spite of considerable progress achieved during the last three decades in horticulture production in India, the average productivity of different horticultural crops is quite low as compared to the best yields at national and world level. This indicates the scope to enhance the yield in different horticultural crops by many fold along with its quality specially in vegetables. This is because of an appealing gap between potential yield and the actual yield of various vegetable crops. For many vegetable crops, the yields realized are even less than 50% of their potential yield. Some time the farmers who are growing their horticultural crops during main season are even not getting back their cost of production, but the prices of the same horticulture produce is very high during off season. Several biotic and abiotic stresses are the major factors for low productivity and poor quality in several horticultural crops under their open field cultivation during rainy and post rainy season more specifically in vegetables. The increasing demand of off-season and high quality vegetables in various markets of the big cities has calls the attention of the vegetable growers for diversification from traditional way of vegetable cultivation or from traditional agriculture. Protected cultivation of horticultural crops offers the best choice for diversification from traditional agriculture production system for a number of reasons. Production of crops under protected conditions has great potential in augmenting production and quality of vegetables, flowers and in some fruit crops in main and off season and maximizing water and nutrient use efficiency under varied agro climatic conditions of the country. This technology has great potential especially in peri urban agriculture in near future, since it can be profitably used for growing high value vegetable crops like, tomato, cheery tomato, coloured peppers, parthenocarpic cucumbers, flowers like cut flowers, chrysanthemum, lilium fruits like strawberry, grapes etc. and for off season cultivation of vegetables and their healthy and virus free seedlings production.Protected cultivation in partially modified environment structure is useful in combating both biotic and abiotic stresses that limit the productivity and quality of horticultural crops. This requires careful planning and attention to detail, including timing of production and harvest to coincide with high market prices, choice of varieties adopted to the off season environment, and able to produce economical yields of high quality produce etc.Large number of farmers, who are living in peri urban areas of the country can successfully diversify their traditional agriculture by adopting or using various levels of protected cultivation technologies for production of horticultural crops looking to their resources, availability of emerging markets of usual and unusual off season horticultural produce, year round demand of high value vegetables like standard tomatoes, coloured peppers and parthenocarpic cucumbers etc. High quality nursery raising in vegetables is the other area, where improvement over the traditional system of nursery raising is required. All kind of protected technologies may not be economical and useful to the farmers in India, because of their very high initial, running and maintenance cost, but some protected technologies are simple and highly profitable under Indian conditions and more specifically for peri-urban areas, which can be adopted by Indian farmers for production of different horticultural crops in the following manners.
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High Value Vegetable Cultivation : E ntrepreneurial Avenues |
A.D.Munshi |
Principal Scientist, Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Vegetables are one of the potential crops in meeting the food requirements and improving the nutritional status of our people. They play a vital role in crop diversification, employment generation, and nutritional security and in improving the economic conditions of farmers. Our country has made a tremendous progress in vegetable production and ranked as second largest producers of vegetables in the world with a total production of more than 125 million tons per annum. Our estimated demand is about 225 million tons by 2020 AD. This target can be achieved through use of improved vegetable varieties, hybrids and production technologies even with diminishing land and water resources. In Indian vegetable scenario, IARI has contributed significantly by developing more than 168 improved varieties and 24 hybrids in different vegetables. Apart from high yielding, many of these varieties/F1 hybrids are resistant to biotic and abitic stresses and also suitable for processing, value addition and export. Besides developing large number of improved varieties and F1 hybrids of vegetables, IARI has developed/standardized improved hi-tech vegetable nursery and off-season production technologies which require commercialization by the entrepreneurs as these can bring quantum improvement in production, productivity and quality of vegetables and improve nutritional and economic security and provide an opportunity for income generation to the unemployed youths both in rural and peri –urban areas.
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Seed Production : An Entrepreneurial Venture |
B.S. Tomar1 & K. Vinod Kumar2 |
1 Senior Scientist , Seed Production Unit, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012. 2 Ph.D. Scholar , Seed Science and Technology Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Good quality seed plays an important and crucial role in deciding the performance of any crop. Availability of quality seed is one of the important factors for increasing the production and productivity of agriculture. Seed is the cheapest and most efficient input as compared to other inputs like fertilizer, pesticides, water etc. Timely availability of quality seed of the right variety/ hybrid in adequate quantity decides the strength and health of agricultural economy. Seed has been defined in many ways. Botanically, seed is defined as “a mature fertile ovule”. Seed is also defined as “an embryo, a living organism, embedded in the supporting or food storage tissue surrounded by seed coat”. Seed is also defined as “any plant part (cuttings, corms, bulbs, rhizomes etc.) used for growing commercial crops”. Seed a basic input in Agriculture, a carrier of new technology, a basic tool for secured food supply. Seed is a principal means to secure crop yield in less favorable production areas. Seed is an important medium for rapid rehabilitation of agriculture in cases of natural disaster. A seed programme should aim at rapid multiplication of seed of improved varieties and make it available the desired quantities to farmers in the quickest possible time. The improved seeds of new varieties must be made available well in time, so that planting schedule of farmers is not disturbed. The seed programme must also ensure the availability of high quality seed of improved varieties at a reasonable price. Many farmers use the stored food grains for sowing purpose in the next season. Hence, it is necessary to make a distinction between seed and grain. Seed is any planting material (cuttings, bulbs, rhizomes, grains etc) which must be viable, whereas, grain may or may not be viable which is used for consumption. Seed is the result of sound scientific knowledge, organized effort, investment on processing, storage and marketing whereas no such knowledge or effort is required for producing grain. India has made significant advance in agriculture in last four decades, in which role of seed sector has been substantial. The expansion of seed industries has occurred in parallel with growth in agricultural productivity. The Indian seed industry is currently valued at Rs. 5,600 crores (US$ 1120 million) approximately 250 lakh Qtl of seed in volume. There are about 150-200 organized seed companies existing in India today. Several companies have recognized research and development units and have developed a large number of varieties and hybrids in several crops. India’s seed industry has grown in size and level of performance over the past four decades. Both public and private sector are involved in the production of seed. The present seed replacement rate (SRR) is around 15-20% for various crops. This SRR level has to be increased to 25% (proposed 35%) in self pollinated crops, 33% (proposed 50%) in cross pollinated crops and 100% for hybrid crops in order to increase sustainable agricultural production and productivity for achieving the food and nutritional security. The seed industry has made impressive strides from a modest beginning in seed production and the quality seed distributed increased from 1.83 lakh Qtl in 1953-54 to 190 lakh Qtl in 2008-09. The national seed plan had projected seed requirement of 2.54 million Qtl for 2009-10 against which production of 2.8 million Qtl has already been achieved. However, it is evident that there is a mismatch and seeds of new high yielding varieties and hybrids are still not sufficient to accelerate area coverage under them. Therefore, seed replacement has to be linked with new variety replacement too. The projected seed requirement by 2020 AD is estimated at 320 lakh Qtl by considering the proposed enhancement of seed replacement rates. Making quality seeds available is the biggest challenge before the seed sector. The seed of highest quality is expected to possess the properties like highest physical purity, free of noxious weeds, high germination, high vigor to perform well under an favorable conditions in the field, free of any pathogens like fungus, bacteria, virus, nematodes or insects and mite, seeds conforming to cultivar claimed and possessing appropriate level of moisture content to avoid any decay of the seed. Agriculture has many enterprises which have commercial applications – sericulture, apiary livestock, fish culture, vermicompost, mushroom cultivation, horticulture, and seed production. Seed production is an emerging enterprise which gives high returns per rupee investment. Seed production enterprise involves the major activities like seed production, seed processing, seed storage, seed marketing etc. Seed production is distinct from the crop production in terms of cultural operations, utilization, technological requirements and economics. Seed production involves the scientific production of seed right from selection of source of seed to harvesting. The need for seed enterprises is growing in India. Currently, 70% of seed used by farmers is farm saved seed which is of poor quality. The Government of India has fixed targets of SRR for different crops to be achieved by the end of 11th FYP. In order to provide high quality seed in adequate quantities to farmers and also to achieve the SRR targets, there is a need for entrepreneurship in seed sector.
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Food Processing : An Emerging Option for Micro-enterprise Promotion in Agriculture |
R.R. Sharma |
Senior Scientist, Division of Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Fruits and vegetables are the reservoir of vital nutrients. Being highly perishable, 20-40% of the total production of fruits and vegetables goes waste from the time of harvesting till they reach the consumers. It is, therefore, necessary to make them available for consumption throughout the year in processed or preserved form and to save the sizeable amount of losses. At present, about 2% of the total produce is processed in India mainly for domestic consumption. The most alarming situation is the post harvest losses of fruits and vegetables worth approximately Rs. 18,500 crores per annum. Fruits and vegetables have great potential for value addition and diversification to give a boost to food industry, create employment opportunities and give better returns to the farmers. Post harvest management of fruits and vegetables plays a significant role in achieving the target of nutritional security to the ever-growing population as well as to meet the requirement of processing industry and export trade. With the advent and development of food consciousness amongst the consumers, to elaborate food standards, codes of hygienic practice, are necessary to maintain the quality of the food products. There is a lot of unmarketable produce or cull, which can be taken care by processing industry and can add value by converting them into processed products. Therefore, increasing the production and productivity will not be enough, a lot more emphasis needs to be given to post-harvest management of fruits and vegetables of tropical origin.
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Poultry Farming : Profitable Venture for Entrepreneurs |
R. K. Sharma |
Principal Scientist, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Civilization of mankind began with the process of domestication of livestock and poultry. The Indian Red Jungle fowl is considered as the ancestor of modern day chicken breeds. Chickens were first domesticated in S E Asia (India, Southern China, Burma, Malaya region) between 5000 – 3000 BC and then spread westwards and then Africa, Europe and America. Poultry in India was a leisurely and backyard village venture till sixties. The entire poultry scenario of Indian sub-continent changed only in last 4-5 decades and now India ranks 3rd in egg production (3.9%) after China (45%) & USA (8%) and 5th in broiler production (3.3%) after USA (26.5%), China (17%), Brazil (15.5%) & Mexico (4.3%) with about 54,000 and 1800 million eggs and broilers produced annually. But in terms of per capita availability it ranks amongst the lowest. Poultry production systems of the developing nations including India can be broadly categorized into two distinct classes: one - low external input traditional family poultry production system or free range or backyard poultry in unorganized sector in the villages and the other one is high input industrial or intensive poultry production system in urban and peri-urban areas. The former is highly unorganized and consists of thousands of small holders (5-15 birds) where birds scavenge and forage on house-hold wastes, shrubs, weeds, crop residues, insects and aquatic plants with no or little external inputs. The birds are looked after by the families specially women and children. The locally adapted indigenous chicken germplasm thriving well under stressful and low input production system in the countryside may appear to have low productivity in comparison to highly specialized industrial germplasm but it is highly efficient converter of available low quality feed and other resources which other wise are likely to go waste. Native birds are hardy and resistant to most of the diseases/ parasites. The industrial or intensive poultry is highly organized and uses state-of-the-art technology. Major constraints of village poultry are: lack of awareness and enterpreurship, suitable marketing and transport infrastructure. The challenge of fighting poverty, malnutrition and unemployment can be effectively met to a large extent by strengthening poultry, which plays a major role in the rural economy of third world countries as it accounts for about 80 % of the world’s poultry production and up to 90 % in least developed nations. Poultry farming can be profitably undertaken by unemployed persons on a full time basis as a means of gainful self employment or by employed/semi employed persons on a part time basis to augment the family income. Poultry farming has several advantages over other occupations as i) poultry requires less space and initial investment ii) broilers are ready for sale within 5-6 weeks and 6-7 crops can be taken per year) iii) poultry is most efficient converter of non-fibrous feed and mill-by-products into best quality animal protein iv) poultry requires no specialized training and utilizes spare time of family members v) poultry products are the best and cheapest source of the animal protein and vi) there is easy availability of inputs and markets for poultry. Specialized poultry stocks of very high production potential for egg, meat and dual type have been produced worldwide. Almost all the 10-12 brands of international repute are available in India through a network of franchisee hatcheries in the private sector. Some of the popular brands are Vencob, Ross, Lohman, Arbor Acres and Avian, broilers and Babcock B V 300, H & N, Deejay Dekalb layers. In addition, 5-6 brands of hybrid chicks are available in government sector. Day old broiler chicks can be purchased and may be reared either on deep litter (floor) of the brooder house or in the cages up to 5 to 6 weeks of age to be sold as live or dressed broilers/ table birds. Egg type chicks become layers at the age of 20 weeks and are capable of producing more than 300 eggs per year. Initially poultry farming can be started on small scale, which can later be expanded and diversified to make it an integrated unit. A small sized farm with a capacity of 5,000 commercial broilers per cycle can earn up to Rs. 25,000 per month as net profit. Similarly, a layer farmer can earn up to Rs. 2, 00,000 per annum from 2000 layers.
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Beekeeping - An Employment and Income Generating Vocation for Rural Youth |
R.N. Sharma |
SMS, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (IARI) Shikohpur, Gurgaon. |
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The achievements in agriculture and its allied areas has made our country self sufficient economically. Our country has many landmarks in production of the grains, milk, meat, flower, vegetable etc which not only fulfill our own demands but even earning a lot of foreign exchange from export. Unemployment is a major problem effecting the growth of our country. The reasons for higher state of unemployment in rural areas can be attributed to poverty, law education and lack of job appointment. Alternatively, if the youths are self employed in the agrobased enterprises, then the problem of unemployment could be reduced to a certain limit, especially in the villages. There are so many vocations in which youth could be engaged such as dairy farming, poultry, piggery, beekeeping, mushroom cultivation, flower cultivation etc.
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Dairy Production and Processing as an Enterprise : Retrospect and Prospects |
Dalip K. Gosain |
Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra and Dairy Training Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana. |
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In India, the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) sector plays a pivotal role in the overall industrial economy of the country. It is estimated that in terms of value, the sector accounts for about 39 per cent of the manufacturing output and around 33 per cent of the total export of the country. Further, in recent years the MSE sector has consistently registered higher growth rate compared to the overall industrial sector. The major advantage of the sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. As per available statistics, this sector employs an estimated 31 million persons spread over 12.8 million enterprises and the labour intensity in the MSE sector is estimated to be almost 4 times higher than the large enterprises. Definition for SMEs is often considered to be an obstacle for business studies and market research. Definitions in use today define thresholds in terms of employment, turnover and assets. They also incorporate a reasonable amount of flexibility around year-to-year changes in these measures so that a business qualifying as an SME in one year can have a reasonable expectation of remaining an SME in the next. The thresholds themselves, however, vary substantially between countries. As the SME thresholds dictate to some extent the provision of government support, countries in which manufacturing and labour-intensive industries are prioritized politically tend to opt for more relaxed thresholds.India has witnessed remarkable increase in milk production from 17 million tonnes in 1951 to 110 million tonnes in 2010. This increased milk production is because of the scientific interventions made in the areas of scientific dairy farming being practiced under rural situation or by the geometrical propagation of the dairy animals is of great concern to all of us. But it is a fact that the technologies developed in the areas of dairy production and processing have grown fast especially in the last two decades and adoption of these technologies have enhanced the overall milk production in the country. Dairying in India is being practice as a integral component of the mixed farming system and is the most prevalent farming system in the country. Production of milk from the cattle and buffaloes comprises of dairy production whereas making different products from the milk is considered as dairy processing in a broader sense.It’s only in the recent past that diary production and processing have emerged out as enterprises which have immense potential for generating income and employment especially in the rural areas and also amongst the entrepreneurs in urban areas. Krishi Vigyan Kendra and the erstwhile Trainees Trainer Centre (TTC) now known as Dairy Trainers Centre (DTC) of National Dairy Research Institute, is functioning since July, 1976 and till December, 2009 the Kendra and the training centres have organized 1,245 training programmes on Scientific Dairy Farming in which 26,409 beneficiaries were trained whereas in the area of dairy processing 99 training were organized in which 1313 were trained.In the present chapter an attempt has been made to analyse the various enterprises in the area of dairy production and processing in which the trainees were benefited. The success stories can be replicated in different states of the country by the entrepreneurs to take up dairy farming or dairy processing as a venture for earning the livelihood that will not only generate income for them only but will provide employment who will be employed at their units.
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Fisheries and Aquaculture in India : Perspective and Prospective Views |
S.D. Singh |
A.D.G. (Inland Fisheries ) Indian Council of Agricultural Research, KAB II, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Fisheries represent an important and fast growing food production sector in India that contributes more than 1% to the National GDP and 4.7% to the agricultural GDP. With an annual production of about 7 million tonnes from marine and inland waters, the country is the 3rd fish producer in the world and the 2nd largest producer of inland fish, next only to China. With a coastline of 8,129 km and EEZ of 2.02 sq km, our marine fish production is to the tune of 2.95 million tonnes. Similarly, the inland fisheries resources comprising 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.19 million ha of backwaters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands. 0.72 million ha of upland lakes and 2.34 million ha of ponds and tanks produce 3.76 million tonnes annually. Annual export earnings from fish and shellfish are about Rs.8.357 crore, accounting for nearly 20% of the agricultural export. Fish is a health food that is relatively cheap and affordable to the poor. Fisheries and aquaculture provides income, food and livelihood to more than 14 million people directly or indirectly. The annual per capita availability of fish in the country is 9 kg that sustains the domestic market price of fish and the sector has registered an impressive overall annual growth rate of over 4% over the years, with growth in some farming activities going beyond 5%. However, stagnating growth in marine and inland capture fisheries is a cause of concern. Besides, in view of the growing demand for fish, there is a need to sustain this growth in the years to come. Achieving this entails development of new technologies and up-gradation of the existing ones, apart from addressing the emerging issues such as water scarcity, climate change, and meeting environmental requirements. Fisheries Division of ICAR, in partnership with Fisheries Colleges, State Agricultural Universities, conventional universities and various Research Organizations under the Central and State Governments, provide research support for meeting these challenges.
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Ration Formulation for Profitable Dairy |
Kusumakar Sharma1, VB Chaturvedi2 & Rupasi Tiwari3 |
1A.D.G. (Inland Fisheries ) Indian Council of Agricultural Research, KAB II, New Delhi-110 012. 2Senior Scientist, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh. 3Senior Scientist and Incharge ATIC, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh. |
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Ration formulation is a process by which different feed ingredients are combined in a proportion necessary to provide the animal with proper amount of nutrients needed at a particular stage of production. It requires the knowledge about nutrients, feedstuffs and animal in the development of nutritionally adequate rations that will be eaten in sufficient amounts to provide the level of production at a reasonable cost. The ration should be palatable and will not cause any serious digestive disturbance or toxic effects to the animal. Different species, strains or classes of animals have different requirements for energy (carbohydrates and fats), proteins, minerals and vitamins in order to maintain its various functions like maintenance, reproduction, egg production, milk production and/or growth. Least-cost ration formulation for non-ruminants is being prepared by linear computer programming. For ruminants the approach used is to maximize the use of roughage, then, concentrate is used to supply the deficient nutrients to meet the requirement of the animals. It should be remembered that rations for ruminants are formulated on dry matter basis due to wide variations in moisture content of feeds especially roughage. Ration can be defined as Ration is the feed allowed for a given animal during a day of 24 hours. The feed may be given at a time or in portion at intervals. Various types of dairy rations are as given below. Balanced Ration: Ration which provides the essential nutrients to an animal in such a proportion and amount they are required for the proper nourishment of the particular animal for 24 hours is known as balanced ration. Production Ration: Ration given to an animal for certain production i.e. milk, work, meat or egg is known as production ration. It is in addition to the balanced ration. Maintenance Ration: This is the minimum amount of feed required to maintain the essential body process at their optimum rate without gain or loss in body weight or change in body composition. Requirement of nutrients for the animals various purposes has been determined and tabulated as feeding standards. Animals are being fed for following objectives.
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Post Harvest Handling of Horticultural Crops |
R.K. PaL |
Head, Division of Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Ever since the civilization of mankind, efforts have been directed towards accumulating and storing foods when they are in plenty in order to meet needs during the days of scarcity. In case of food grains not much problem was faced due to nature’s noble way of reducing the moisture level as the grains mature. However, in case of fruits and vegetables, long-term storage in their fresh form was not possible (until development of modern methods) primarily due to their high degree of perishability owing to high moisture content of these commodities at the time of harvest. Appropriate Post Harvest Management (PHM) of horticultural crops fruits and vegetables in their fresh form prolongs their usefulness and in some cases improves their quality. It also checks market glut, helps in orderly marketing, increases financial gain to the producers and preserves quality of produce for much longer time. Horticultural produce like fruits, vegetables and cut flowers are living, respiring tissues separated from the parent plant. Therefore, the aim of PHM is to control various physiological processes viz . respiration, transpiration and other metabolic activities to keep produce in maximum usable form. Proper control of pre and post harvest diseases, regulation of post harvest physiology, storage atmosphere, application of chemical treatments, irradiation and refrigeration of produce may prolong the storage life of horticultural produce. The deterioration of fresh horticultural produce after harvest occurs mainly through
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Value Addition and Processing Opportunities in Food Processing |
Devinder Dhingra |
Senior Scientist, Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab. |
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The food processing sector is highly fragmented industry, it widely comprises of the following sub-segments: fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, beer and alcoholic beverages, meat and poultry, marine products, grain processing, packaged or convenience food and packaged drinks. A huge number of entrepreneurs in this industry are small in terms of their production and operations, and are largely concentrated in the unorganized segment. This segment accounts for more than 70% of the output in terms of volume and 50% in terms of value. Though the organized sector seems comparatively small, it is growing at a much faster pace. The food processing industry can be classified into three categories: organized (25%), small scale (33%) and unorganized (42%) (Source: FAIDA/ Minstry of Food Processing Industries). The share of food processing in total manufacturing is only 9% in India.
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Commercial Avenues in Floriculture for Entrepreneurship |
T. Janakiram1 & K. V. Prasad2 |
1 Head, Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. 2 Senior Scientist, Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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The floriculture industry in India is characterized by growing traditional flowers (loose flowers) and cut flowers under open field conditions and protected environment conditions, respectively. India also has a strong dry flower industry, which contributes a major share to the overall trade. Other segments like fillers, potted plants, seeds and planting material, turf grass industry and value added products also contribute a share in the overall growth of the floriculture sector.
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Plants Nursery as a Micro-enterprise |
ManisH Srivastav1 & R.R. Sharma2 |
1Senior Scientist, Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. 2Senior Scientist, Division of Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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India is blessed with varied agro-climatic conditions. This enables India to grow almost all types of horticultural crops namely fruits, vegetables, potato, tropical tuber crops and mushroom; ornamental crops; medicinal and aromatic plants, spices and plantation crops like coconut, cashew, cocoa, tea, coffee and rubber, in one region or the other throughout the year. India has now a prominent place in world horticulture scenario. Starting from low ebb during first five year, horticulture sector got a boost in 8th plan onwards as a means of diversification to agriculture. Horticulture today, is not merely a means of diversification as envisaged during 80s, but forms an integral part of food, nutrition, economic and employment security. As a result of proper policy initiatives, India is the second largest producer of the fruits and vegetables in the world contributing about 10 per cent to world fruits and 13.8 per cent to vegetable production. Adoption of horticulture crops in production, both by small and marginal farmers, has brought nutritional security and livelihood security in many regions of the country, e.g. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala and improved overall socioeconomic conditions of the people e.g. Jharkhand and West Bengal. Planting material is the foundation on which the fruit productivity is dependent. Success of orchards mostly depends on availability of genuine plant material. Any mistake committed during the initial establishment of orchard cannot be corrected and causes a serious loss to the profitability of the orchards throughout its life. Therefore, it is imperative that planting material must be sourced from high yielding, disease free mother plants of known pedigree. As per estimate, requirement of planting material by the end of 11th plan will be approximately 1,414 million seedlings of fruit crops in the country. Supply of such a huge quantity of disease free, true to type quality planting material is a big challenge and needs to be addressed at the right time. Therefore, availability of true to type quality planting material is crucial for the success of commercial horticulture. This necessitates having a network of fruit nurseries which conforms to the model nursery standards in terms of infrastructure, quality of seed and panting materials and adoption of nursery management practices. The National Horticulture Mission took an initiative to specify the nursery standards by specifying infrastructure required for setting up of model Horticultural Nursery etc. ICAR has also come up with the technical specification of horticultural planting material and its production procedure. A recognized horticulture nursery should functions as a reliable source for the supply of quality planting material for fruit crops. The nursery business emerged as a new avenue for small and marginal farmers, farm women. rural youth and agricultural graduates, which enables them to produce guaranteed income and employment. Tissue culture planting material, saplings, seedlings, grafts of horticultural plants are highly demanded by farmers as well as urban people.
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Vermicomposting - Enterprise Development in Rural Areas |
R.K. Sharma1, K. Sharma1, G.T. Gujar2 & J.K.S. Bhandari3 |
1Principal Scientist, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012.2Head, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. 3 Technical Officer, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Vermicompost is an organic manure (bio-fertilizer) produced as the vermicast by earth worm feeding on biological waste material and plant residues. This compost is an odorless and clean organic material containing adequate quantities of N, P, K and several micronutrients essential for plant growth. Vermicompost is a preferred nutrient source for organic farming. It is eco-friendly, non-toxic, consumes low energy input for composting and is a recycled biological product. Earthworms are soil invertebrates well known for their contribution to soil transformation and turnover, by breaking down of organic material. The effect of earthworms on soils can take three main forms: effects on biological, physical, or chemical soil properties and processes. These can operate eother directly or indirectly. Farmers are aware that earthworms are generally beneficial. However, few are familiar with the important species they have on their land and the amount or number of earthworm required for their soil is also a big question to them. It is important that farmers must identify and familiarize with the species of earthworms so that they can be utilized for the purpose of vermicomposting. Vermicomposting is a decomposing process by which organic waste is converted to bio-fertilizer using earthworms. Vermicompost, which is the end product, is a stabilized, finely divided peat-like material with a low C: N ratio and high porosity and water holding capacity that contains most nutrients in forms that are readily taken up by the plants. Along with these, vermicompost is reported to contain growth hormones, antibiotics and vitamins which are beneficial for growth of crops, flowering and fruit setting and resistance to pest and diseases. Compost is also reported to contain calcium humate which improve soil structure and moisture holding capacity. The casting of worms by consuming organic wastes is called ‘vermicast’. The vermicast, cocoon and partially decomposed organic matter are known as ‘vermicompost’. The importance of biological processes in the management and recycling of organic wastes has been widely recognized. For this purpose vermicomposting is the best way to adopt which is one of the most efficient method for converting solid organic materials into environmentally friendly useful and valuable products for crop production. Earthworms can be called as biological indicators of soil fertility, for soils with earthworms shall most definitely support healthy populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, protozoans, insects, spiders, millipedes and a host of others that are essential for sustaining a healthy soil. The growth of earthworms in organic wastes has been termed as Vermiculture. Vermiculture is very simple and easy method and requires careful step wise programme. Increase or decrease of number of earthworms, efficiency of waste matter conversion, cast production and composting should be carefully observed in give set conditions and available raw material. The main component of vermicomposting system is the earthworm as it feeds on decaying organic matter. Earthworm burrowing and tunneling activity accurate the substrate and enable water nutrient and oxygen to filter through it their feeding activity increase the surface area of organic matter. Vermicompost consists mostly of worm casts plus some decayed organic matter. In ideal conditions worms may consume their own weight of organic matter each day. One tonne of worms may therefore process one tonne of organic waste per day. Vermicompost is organic, non-burning and rich in nutrients. Worm casts are suitable for a wide range of horticultural uses. Vermicompost contains eight times as many microorganisms as their feed, which promotes healthy plant growth. Another fact is that the chemical nutrient contents of vermicomposts differ greatly, depending upon the parent material from which they are processed.
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Entrepreneurship Generation and Livelihood Security through Livestock Sector |
M.C. Sharma1 & Rupasi Tiwari2 |
1 Director and Vice Chancellor, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122. 2 Senior Scientist and Incharge ATIC, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh. |
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India possesses one of the largest livestock populations in the world, which is more than 515 million with the top position in cattle (199 million), buffalo (105 million), goat (141 million) and sheep (91 million), poultry (385 million) (DAHD, 2009). Out of the total livestock in the country, around 38.2 per cent are cattle, 20.2 percent are buffaloes, 12.7 per cent are sheep, 25.6 per cent are goats and only 2.8 per cent are pigs. All other animals are less than 0.50 per cent of the total livestock population. India has a large genetic diversity of livestock containing 30 breeds of cattle, 10 breeds of buffaloes, 42 breeds of sheep, 20 breeds of goats and 7 breeds of camels. Further, the country has 14 per cent of the world’s cattle population and 57 per cent of the world’s buffalo population and is on top in terms of the buffalo population and at 2nd position in terms of the total cattle population in the world. Of the total buffalo and cattle breeds of the world, approximately 75% and 20% respectively are available in Asia and 15% and 5% in India. The country possesses 5.78 per cent of world sheep and 14.76 per cent of goat population, ranking second in goat and third in sheep population. India accounts for nearly 3.00 per cent of the world poultry population and stands at 5th position in the world. The poultry which was considered as a backyard venture in the early 60’s has now been transformed into strong agro-based farming activity. With an annual production of about 110 million tones of milk and 51 billion eggs India ranks 1st and 3rd in the world, respectively, and is one of the top ten broiler producers in the world. Our country has achieved annual growth rate of 4-5 percent for milk, meat and egg production during the last decade. The value of output from animal husbandry and dairying sector to agriculture over the years has increased and is about 25 % of the agricultural GDP.
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Breeds of Livestock and their Genetic Improvement |
M.C. Sharma1 & Rupasi Tiwari2 |
1 Director and Vice Chancellor, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122. 2 Senior Scientist and Incharge ATIC, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh. |
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Animal husbandry has always been an integral part of Indian civilization and our country possesses rich biodiversity of animal genetic resources, which are spread over diverse agro-climatic regions. These resources have been developed by our ancestors over several generations and have acquired special attributes like remarkable adaptability to environment, management conditions and genetic resistance to most tropical diseases besides survival on poor quality of feed and fodder. In spite of multiple threats of change, replacement, degradation and extinction, this biodiversity of farm animals comprises of 30 well-described breeds of cattle, 10 of buffaloes, 20 of goats, 40 of sheep, 8 of camel, 6 of horses, 20 of poultry besides large number of variants of native ponies, pig, donkey, yak and mithun. This mega-diversity is not accidental, nor it is purely natural, rather, it is the outcome of thousands of years of deliberate selection and planned exposure to a range of natural conditions. The description of various breeds of most economically important species of livestock viz. cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep and their genetic improvement is as follows:
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Entrepreneurship through Pig Farming in India |
M.C. Sharma1 & Rupasi Tiwari2 |
1 Director and Vice Chancellor, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122. 2 Senior Scientist and Incharge ATIC, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh. |
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In recent past, ‘entrepreneurship’ has been a buzz word in Indian livestock business sector. It literally means ‘turning innovations into incomes’. As a whole, livestock is a fast growing sector in Indian agricultural economy, growing at an annual rate of approximately 4.5%. This has opened avenues for commercialization of more and more technologies involving livestock health and production. According to a recent estimate by FAO (2009), meat sector in India is also growing at a rate of 4.5% per annum over last decade and pigs, contributing about 8.2% of country’s total meat production, have a tremendous role to play in the face of globalization, strict WTO regulations and emerging IPR issues. The ‘knowledge economy’ is coming to play an important role in such situation, meaning, much wider application of livestock technologies in livestock business. Due to their inherent favourable qualities like highest prolificacy, highest growth rate, better feed conversion efficiency and less generation interval, pigs are able to provide the food and nutritional security, employment opportunity and more financially secured livelihoods for the whole society in general and the rural tribes, in particular. This again has the other side, i.e., the knowledge is to be with the producers for economizing his pig production enterprise. Therefore, here is an attempt to highlight the present state of knowledge in swine production in our country with a critical analysis of a model project for its technical and financial soundness.
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Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L) Seed Production as a Potential Micro-enterprise for Income Augmentation: Experiences of Action Research |
Shantanu Kumar Dubey1, S.K. Singh2 & Uma Sah3 |
1Senior Scientist, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012.2Principal Scientist, Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur-208024, Uttar Pradesh. 3Senior Scientist, Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur-208 024, Uttar Pradesh. |
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The productivity of pulses in India has remained stagnant over the past several decades. In the case of pigeonpea, which a major pulse crop in India, it has been hovering around 700 kg ha -1 for the last five decades. Uttar Pradesh (UP) occupies 9.14% (2.16 million ha) of the total area under pigeonpea in the country (23.63 million ha). Poor crop management practices adopted by the farmers, non-availability of quality seed of improved varieties, damage by insect pests and diseases and drought are some of the factors responsible low productivity in pulses. In a recent review, Maruthi Shankar et al. (2004) identified shortage of quality seed as one of the major constraints for increasing pigeonpea production in India. The genetically pure seed alone can increase productivity by 10-15% (Saxena, 2006). Despite release of several improved varieties of pigeonpea, local landraces dominate the cultivation of pigeonpea in the country. Timely availability of quality seed of improved varieties at affordable price remains one of the major concerns in pigeonpea cultivation. Most of the farmers procure their pigeonpea seed from local traders or rely on their ‘own-saved’ seed. As public sector seed producing agencies have not been very effective in meeting the seed requirement of pulse crops, there is a need to evolve innovative approaches to address the issue of non-availability of quality seed of crops. An ISOPOM- supported project “Development and popularization of “Model Seed system (s)” for Quality Seed Production of major legumes to ensure Seed sufficiency at Village Level” was launched for the period of 2006-2009 in Fatehpur and Kanpur Dehat districts of U.P. The project, jointly implemented by ICRISAT and IIPR, had two major objectives: (i) farmer-participatory varietal selection (FPVS) to identify farmer-preferred varieties (FPVs) and (ii) knowledge empowerment of farmers in seed production, processing, storage and marketing to promote local seed enterprises at village level.
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Understanding Self Help Group Dynamics |
Premlata Singh1 & Nishi Sharma2 |
1Principal Scientist, Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. 2Senior Technical Officer, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Self Help Groups (SHGs) are fast emerging as a powerful tool of socio-economic empowerment of the poor in rural areas. These are based on the principle by the people, for the people and of the people. Such groups are participatory processes to provide opportunities for people to share knowledge, common experiences and problems. Self Help Groups (SHGs) of women in India have been recognized as an effective strategy for the empowerment of women in rural as well as urban areas, bringing women together from all spheres of life to light for their rights or a cause. Since the overall empowerment of women is crucially dependent on economic empowerment, women through these SHGs work on a range of issues such as health, nutrition, agriculture, forestry etc. besides income generation activities and seeking micro credit. “SHG is a small, economically homogeneous and affinity based group of people who have decided to save and contribute to a common fund to be lent to its members as per the groups decisions”. Generally, a ‘Self Help Group’ (SHG) is formed when members of a community, who have the same or similar problem, come together, meet, share experiences, have discussions and thereby arrive at solutions. Internationally, such groups hare been formed around medical .problems and addictions. Self-help is seen as an inexpensive way of providing vital community services. It is a concept that has evolved over time and has gone through several and substantial modifications. The SHG has evolved over time all over the world and the journey has been at several levels-from labour/ kind premonitory currency to cash; from non-financial to financial groups; from routing to non-rotating patterns; from short lived to semi-permanent or supposedly permanent groups; and from savings-only to savings-driven credit groups (Seibel, 2000).
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Concept of Cooperatives and its Scope in Farmers’ Capacity Building |
J.P.S.Dabas |
Senior Scientist, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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The farmer’s socio-economic conditions continue to be poor. The job availability and opportunities are also very poor in rural areas and are declining with time. There are several instances of despair amongst farmers due to heavy burden of loan, which they took for procuring inputs for crop production. In majority of the cases loan is still borrowed from the local moneylenders on a very high rate of interest, as it is convenient and simple for them. The despair arises due to non-payment of loan in the event of crop failure or market crash for that crop, for which he had taken loan. The reason for crop failure may be adverse climatic conditions or pest attack, which could not be managed due lack of know-how and non-availability of good quality agro-chemicals. Report about the presence of spurious pesticide and fertilizers in the market are quite common in media. Farmers meet unfair treatment in the market while procuring inputs and marketing their produce. The market is uncertain and several times the farmers are not able to meet even the variable cost of production. There is no other option left except ploughing back the crop in the field. The majorities of our farmers are small and marginal and unable to bear such losses on one hand and government doesn’t have a contingency plan to help the poor farmers on other hand. Even if it provides some help it doesn’t reach the affected farmers.
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Impact Evaluation of Small Scale Agri-Enterprise : A Case study of Mushroom and Beekeeping Enterprises |
Rajinder Peshin |
Associate Professor, Division of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Jammu, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu-180 009. |
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The process of agricultural modernization has produced three distinct types of agriculture. These are industrialized, green revolution and low-external input and unimproved (Chambers et al. 1989) . The industrialized and the green revolution agriculture have been able to respond to the technological package, producing high input, high output systems of agriculture. Most agricultural systems in the industrialized countries count as high external input systems save for the relatively small number of organic farmers (Pretty 1995) . In the countries of the Third World, high-external input systems are found in the large irrigated plains and deltas of South, Southeast and East Asia, and parts of Latin America and North America, but also in patches in other regions. In the industrialized countries farmers modernized by introducing machinery, replacing labour, specializing operations and changing practices to ensure greater production. In the green revolution areas the success lay in agricultural scientists breeding new varieties of stable cereals that matured quickly, and use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, machinery, credit and water regulation. The third type of agriculture comprises all the remaining agricultural system and about 30-35 per cent of the worlds population is directly supported by it (Pretty 1995).Here the productivity of cereal is only 0.5 to 1.0 t ha-1 and most of the food production in Africa comes from these low external input systems of agriculture (Horwith et al. 1989). In India the green revolution is confined to about 103 districts having assured irrigation or high rainfall. Because of this the productivity of the major crops is low compared to other green revolution and industrialized countries
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Distance Education : A Support for Micro-enterprise Promotion in Agriculture |
B.S. Hansra |
Professor , IGNOU, Zakir Hussain Bhawan, New Academic Complex, Block-G, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068. |
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Indian economy is characterized predominance of rural population and is heavily dependence on agriculture sector. The major challenges to the growth and prosperity of the country are unemployment and poverty. Various attempts by government in the past have yielded only marginal success. The problem of rural unemployment and poverty can be solved by creating some new avenues for employment generation in the rural areas. Majority of farmers are still using traditional farming practices. The concept of entrepreneurship in agriculture can play vital role in improving their livelihood security and alleviating the poverty. The individuals involved in farming/industrial activity should posses drive, ambition, foresight, and imaginations to break their traditional barrier, overcome social inertia, transform theory into practice. The individuals performing these functions are the entrepreneurs, and their enterprising ability and skill can be termed as entrepreneurship (Kothari, 1989).
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Marketing Strategies for Micro-enterprise Promotion |
Ajit Kewalramani |
Director, S3 Training Consultancy and Marketing Solutions, New Delhi. |
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In India Agriculture was practiced formerly on a subsistence basis; the villages were self sufficient, people exchanged their goods, and services within the village on a barter basis. With the improvement in rural infrastructure all these goods and services has become commercial in character, resulting in development of Micro-enterprises and requirement of their business promotion. Businesses with five or fewer employees, called micro-enterprises, support many rural and urban households in developing nations. The term marketing connotes a series of activities involved in moving the goods from the point of production to the point of consumption. Marketing is an integral part of micro-enterprise products to encourage them to make more investment and to increase production. Thus there is an increasing awareness that it is not enough just to produce however it must be marketed as well. Marketing strategies includes marketing functions, agencies, channels, efficiency, cost, price spread and market integration, producers’ surplus etc. Agricultural marketing involves in its simplest form the buying and selling of agricultural produce. This definition of agricultural marketing may be accepted in olden days, when the village economy was more or less self-sufficient, when the marketing of agricultural produce presented no difficulty, as the farmer sold his produce directly to the consumer on a cash or barter basis. But, in modern times, marketing of agricultural produce is different from that of olden days. In modern marketing, agricultural produce has to undergo a series of transfers or exchanges from one hand to another before it finally reaches the consumer.
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Good Agricultural Practices in Relation to Micro-enterprise Promotion |
Arvind Pratap Singh |
Project Executive-EUREPGAP, FICCI Quality Forum, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), 1 Tansen Marg, Federation House, New Delhi-110 001 |
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With the major thrust of extension agencies now focused on production techniques, the market-led extension holds the key to the future. This assumes greater significance in the light of the new international trading regime under WTO as the export opportunities are now being opened-up to India, which may have direct implications on agro-enterprise development. In the light of the above, the extension functionaries in India are presently ill-equipped to deal with such challenges. It appears now that the production of the agri-produce is going to be dictated by market requirements. In this age of WTO, the extension methodology also needs to work out for dissemination of good agricultural practices to the farmers based on internationally accepted standards. This recommendation has now been made in the 05th National Extension Education Congress held in 2009 jointly conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and CS Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (Proceedings of the 05th National Extension Education Congress, March 05-09, 2009, ICAR and CSAU, Kanpur).
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NABARD Supported Promotional and Developmental Programmes — Farm and Non Farm Sector |
G.V. sunil kumar |
General Manager, NABARD, Rajendra Place, New Delhi. |
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Many innovative initiatives are being attempted by various agencies in the Held of Agriculture and allied sectors. To support these innovations, NABARD has decided to set up a fund titled “Farm Innovation and Promotion Fund” (FIPF).
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Commodity Future Trading at NCDEX |
A. Lakshmikantha Reddy |
Regional Head (North), National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Limited, 2nd Floor, Jeevan Vihar, 3 Sansad Marg Parliament Street,New Delhi-110 001. |
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National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) is a professionally managed on-line multi commodity exchange offering commodity futures trading in a wide range of commodities viz, agricultural, base metals, precious metals, energy, ferrous metal, and others. The shareholders of NCDEX comprises of large national level institutions, large public sector bank and companies. Promoter shareholders of the Exchange include ICICI Bank Limited (ICICI), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE). Other shareholders are: Canara Bank, Punjab National Bank (PNB), CRISIL Limited, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO), Goldman Sachs, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) and Shree Renuka Sugars Limited. NCDEX is the only commodity exchange in the country promoted by national level institutions. This unique parentage enables it to offer a bouquet of benefits, which are currently in short supply in the commodity markets. The institutional promoters and shareholders of NCDEX are prominent players in their respective fields and bring with them institutional building experience, trust, nationwide reach, technology and risk management skills.
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Approach to Rural Development : Economy Decentralization |
Anil P Joshi |
Founder, Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conservation Organization (HESCO), Village Shukfapur PO Ambiwala, Dehradun. Uttarakhand. |
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Gamhian concept of development gained inspiration from villages where local resources met the optimum needs of the poorest of the poor. Gandhiji was of the view that the process of development of the Nation must begin from its villages. In a country like India, where villages are in the majority the prosperity of the Nation can only be ensured when fanners are considered as development managers. The economic liberty of individuals and villages in effect will lead to the prosperity of the Nation. The anomaly in this regard in our country can be seen in the overcrowded cities and desolated a village that is indicative of major gaps in our approach. Acute migration has created a dearth of strong hands in the villages resulting in overcrowded cities, putting tremendous strains on its infrastructure. Thus economy and-ecology of most regions in the country, both rural as well as the urban areas are threatened.The Independence has been attained by the nation 65 years ago but Economic Slavery is pervasive everywhere in the Rural India. There must be an Economic Independence drive in the country. This will check rising Economic inequity between rural urban regions.
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Financial Management of Agricultural Projects |
Pramod Kumar |
Senior Scientist, ITMU, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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An agricultural project is defined as an investment activity where financial resources are expended to create the capital assets with an anticipation of benefits over time. In other words, it is an activity where money is spent to realize the expected returns and requires planning, financing and implementation as a unit. In fact, the whole complex of activities using resources to gain benefits constitute the agricultural projects. The agricultural project may include projects such as irrigation, dairy, poultry, piggery, rural credit, social forestry, land reclamation/leveling, rural development projects, etc. Moreover, the dividing line between an “investment “ and a “production” expenditure is an agricultural project. For instance, the fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, etc. are called investments where returns are realized over the service period of asset. Likewise, the plantation of fruit crops though constitute an investment yet the paddy transplanting as production expense, i.e., the difference exists in time span to grow plants.
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Micro-credit : Basic Issues and Strategies |
R. Roy Burman1 & Shantanu Kumar Dubey2 |
1 Senior Scientist, Division of Agricultural Extension, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. 1 Senior Scientist, Centre for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Transfer, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012. |
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Home to the largest population of poor in the world, India has been a natural candidate for experimenting with micro finance as a tool for poverty alleviation. With a nationalized formal banking sector that has emphasized rural and developmental banking for several decades now, India’s involvement with small credit targeted primarily at the rural poor is hardly new. Micro-credit, in the sense of small loans to the poor, is of ancient origin in India. Micro-Finance has, in recent times, come to be recognised and accepted as one of the new development paradigms for alleviating poverty through social and economic empowerment of the poor, with focus on empowering women. Experiences of different anti-poverty and other welfare programmes within the country and elsewhere, have shown that the key to its success lies in the participation of community based organisations at the grassroot level. People’s participation in credit delivery, recovery and linking of formal credit institutions to borrowers through the intermediation of Self Help Groups (SHGs) have been recognised as a supplementary mechanism for providing credit support to the rural poor. Poor people need micro-credit for various and different purposes. It may be to meet the major household expenses, emergency needs or even basic livelihood support. There are two main systems of micro-credit (Chauhan 1990). One is formal financial institutions, banks and co-operatives, which provide micro-credit to the poor people under different schemes for livelihood support or helping them to start micro-enterprises. The other is informal system comprising traditional moneylenders, pawnbrokers and trade specific lenders. Both the systems have their own positive and negative aspects. The positive aspects of formal financial system are that, micro-credit is available at low rate of interest with easy and periodical repayments and moratorium period. The most important aspect of this type of credit is that it is available for income generating activities. It has complex legal and operational procedures, involving a lot of paper work. Since the process of credit disbursement is time consuming, many times credit is not available in time. The positive aspects of informal system of micro-credit are that the credit disbursement is easy and relatively quick. No collateral is required and there is least paper work. Credit can be given for any activity, especially for consumption and emergency purposes. Credit is generally given for non-productive purposes as well. Micro Credit has been defined as the provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of very small amount to the poor in rural, semi-urban and urban areas for enabling them to raise their income levels and improve their living standards. Micro Credit Institutions are those, which provide these facilities.There is a vast unmet gap in the provisions of financial services to the poor. A very little segment of the poor people are being served by the formal financial system for micro-credit. Majority of the poor population depends on informal financial system for their credit needs. In India, various estimates put the requirements of micro credit at Rs. 150 billion to Rs. 500 billion per year. As against these estimates, bank advances to weaker section aggregated about Rs. 100 billion per year and SHGs are estimated to provide about Rs. 1 billion per year. About 36 per cent of the rural households are outside the fold of institutional credit.
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Role of Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises |
H.S. Bisht |
Deputy Director Incharge, MSME Dev. Inst. Extension Centre, Govt. of India, Conaught Place, New Delhi-110 001. |
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Engage in promotion & development of MSME’S in the country through framing proper policies and schemes.Implementing policies and schemes through its attached office DC, MSME, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi.
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