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Agroforestry Scenario and Opportunities in Shivalik Himalayas |
PANKAJ PANWAR, A.K. TIWARI AND K.S. DADHWAL* |
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Research Centre, Chandigarh- 16 0019, * Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Dehradun-248195 |
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More than 80 per cent area of the Shivaliks is rainfed. Soil erosion greater than 80 t ha-1yr-1 is being recorded from denuded hills. Though, trees are nurtured on the farms but no definite pattern of trees on field bunds is followed, (neither from spacing point of view nor from species point of view). Further, these trees are not silviculturally managed to get best output from tree components as well as for posing less competition to the crops. Shivaliks has a wide range of climate, geology, soil, topography and socio-economic strata coupled with wide variety of vegetation. Such variations provide ample opportunities for developing site specific agroforestry systems.
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Agroforestry for Soil and Water Conservation in Jammu Shivaliks |
SANDEEP SEHGAL AND MOHAMMED SALEEM |
Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chatha, P.O. Bhour Camp-180 009 |
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Shivaliks are highly fragile ecosystem of Himalayas threatened by problems like soil erosion, loss of tree cover, decreased productivity of fuel, fodder and food, to name a few. These problems are further being complicated due to ever increasing anthropogenic pressure. Maintenance and enhancement of soil fertility is not only vital for food security and environmental sustainability in the Shivalik hills, but all over the globe. Agroforestry is frequently proposed as a solution to problems of land and water degradation as well as an answer to shortages of food, fodder and fuel in the Shivaliks, and the same holds true for Jammu Shivaliks. Substantial environmental benefits accrue from planting trees. Suitable tree crop combinations as well as their management practices need to be worked out. Growing of trees and grasses in agroforestry systems such as agrihorticulture, silvipastoral, agrisilvipastoral are specially suited for Shivalik hills keeping in view their role in soil and water conservation. Additional agroforestry component i.e, animals can further hasten the ameliorative effect of agroforestry. In all, combination of trees, crops and/or animals on the same unit of land holds great potential for contributing to sustainable land use system which can help in conserving soil and water besides providing innumerable socio-economic benefits.
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Livelihood Security through Agroforestry in Jammu Shivaliks |
KAMAL KISHOR SOOD |
Division of Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Main Campus, Chatha, Jammu (J & K)- 180 009 |
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The land available to grow food and trees is decreasing owing to population pressure in all the regions of the world. In the Shivaliks, the land available for crop and tree cultivation is further limited by steep slopes and inaccessibility of different land areas. The livelihood options in the Jammu Shivaliks are limited due to poor development of this area compared to adjoining plains. In such a situation, agroforestry is one of the options to increase the livelihood security of the people of this region as it results in concurrent and sustainable use of the limited land for production of food and tree-based products and improves the livelihoods of the rural people. Agroforestry improvement based on scientific inputs and its popularisation has the potential to improve the livelihoods of people of this region. This paper dwells on the role of agroforestry in livelihood security and constraints in realising the potential of agroforestry in Jammu Shivaliks.
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Soil and Nutrient Loss under Different Land-Uses in Upper Shivaliks of Himachal Pradesh |
I P SHARMA AND SUDHIR VERMA |
Department of Soil Science and Water Management, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-173 230, Solan (HP) |
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Shivaliks, the most important ecosystem of the foothills of the Himalayas, have been identified as one of the eight most degraded rainfed ecosystems of the country. They are characterized by undulating barren hill slopes, undulating agriculture fields and erratic rainfall pattern. Majority of the lands under cultivation and orchards in the hilly terrain of the state are thus subjected to runoff and soil loss of varying degrees. The soils of Shivalik hills in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh were found to be coarse in texture with abundance of gravels (upto 73.20%). According to the erodibility indices i.e erosion ratio (ER) and erosion index (EI), all the soils were found to be erodible; however, grasslands and forestlands recorded lowest values for these indices. Forest soils had higher water stable aggregates (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD) and lower dispersion ratios than the cultivated and orchard soils. The dispersion ratio was comparatively higher under cultivated lands (17.37-22.54) followed by orchards (14.36-14.99) and lowest under forest soils (12.59-13.70). Areas having barren lands recorded very high soil loss (86.05 t ha-1 yr-1) followed by intensively cultivated areas (58.87 t ha-1 yr-1) and both of these have fallen in very high category of priority. A medium category of soil loss has been observed under degraded forests, agro-horticultural plantations and scrubs (14.77 – 18.27 t ha-1 yr-1). While low to very low soil loss was recorded under moderately dense, mixed and dense forests (3.46 – 9.59 t ha-1 yr-1). Weighted soil loss of 10.60, 17.12, 19.20 and 256.73 t ha-1 yr-1 was observed under 5-10, 10-15, 15-35 and >35 per cent slope classes. However, dense forests in all the slope classes registered annual soil loss within the tolerance limit (5 t ha-1 yr-1). Hence, maximum runoff, soil loss and available NPK losses were recorded from the barren lands and lands under cultivation followed by orchards and minimum under forests. Risk of soil erosion is higher on steeper slopes. Mixed forests in slope class of 15-35% have also reflected very high soil loss. However, dense forests in all the slope classes registered annual soil loss within the tolerance limit (5 t ha-1 yr-1). There is an urgent need to adopt suitable soil and water conservation measures to check runoff losses causing loss of soil and nutrients.
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Potential Agroforestry Systems for Mid Hill Himalayas |
P S THAKUR AND C L THAKUR |
Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-173 230, Solan, (HP) |
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This article is an attempt to describe potential agroforestry systems for mid hills zone of Himalayas. The existing traditional land use systems with separate allocation to agriculture and forest are inadequate not only to fill gaps between demand and supply for food, fuel, fodder and timber but also to check land degradation and soil erosion. The adoption of common agroforestry systems, namely agrisilviculture, agrihorticulture, agrisilvihorticulture, agrihortisilviculture, silvimedicinal, silvipastoral and hortipastoral along with appropriate management practices shall be suitable and viable option for checking soil erosion, improving productivity and economic status of the farming community. The functional components of agroforestry systems, however, differ greatly in size, texture and nature depending on the necessity of rural population. The fuel, fodder, timber and fruit trees dominate in the hilly regions, whereas commercial species like poplar, eucalyptus, shisham, etc constitute the major functional component in lower Shivaliks. Farming communities successfully grow food crops like wheat, maize, soybean, pea, black gram; vegetable crops like tomato, cabbage, capsicum; tuber crops and medicinal crops with multipurpose woody perennials. The findings indicate that agricultural crops can be integrated with woody perennials without any adverse impact on growth, production or physiological status of food crops, except when growing immediately beneath tree canopies. Our experience is that planting timber, fuel-fodder or fruit tree species in combination with agricultural crops and medicinal and aromatic herb species pave the way for diversified products and better economic returns to the farmers. Multipurpose tree species outside the forest have played very important role in catering to the day to day requirements of the rural population, beside environmental conservation. Different farming systems consisting crops + trees have yielded encouraging results and have not only helped diversification but enhanced productivity of land per unit area. Intercropping medicinal and aromatic herb species, especially with fruit and commercial timber further makes agroforestry more profitable.
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Design for Slope Protection by using Bio-Engineering Measures in Himalayan Region |
ROHITASHW KUMAR,* VIJAY SHANKAR**AND MAHESH KUMAR# |
*Department of Soil Science and Water Management, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)-173230, India **Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (HP)-177005, India # Department of Civil Engineering, Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur (Raj), India |
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Bio-engineering is the use of vegetation, either alone or in conjunction with civil engineering structures, to reduce instability and erosion of slopes. Such structures are advocated in hilly area mainly because they provide one of the best ways to armour slopes against erosion. Bio-engineering, in the context of upland slope protection and erosion reduction, combines mechanical, biological, and ecological concepts to arrest and prevent shallow slope failures and erosion. This chapter presents the design consideration and construction practices for stabilization of slopes using bioengineering technologies along with a brief review on the salient features and characteristics of the bio-engineering processes.
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Suitable Agroforestry Systems for Lower Shivaliks of Panchkula, Haryana |
PANKAJ PANWAR |
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Research Centre, Chandigarh-160 019 |
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The paper presents the results of agroforestry trials that had been conducted in lower shivaliks for assessing soil and water conservation under different land uses. The experiments reveal that agroforestry is a profitable venture compared to monocroping in lower shivaliks, where agriculture is rainfed.
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Agroforestry Systems for Soil Fertility Build up in Degraded Lands of Shivaliks |
SHARMISTHA PAL |
Central Soil and Water conservation Research and Training Institute Research Centre, Madhya Marg, Chandigarh-160 019 |
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Trees play a crucial role in maintaining and regenerating soil fertility through the action of their roots and litter. Trees can also improve soil structure, water holding capacity, crop rooting volume and biological activity in soil by providing biomass. Quick growing species, especially of nitrogen fixing trees when combined with herbaceous crops enhance fertility status of the soil through litter contribution and nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs, grown in agroforestry systems, are capable of fixing about 50-100 Kg N ha-1yr-1. Use of agroforestry is also a viable option for enhancing soil organic carbon density. Soil organic carbon sequestration potential in soils of tropical forest ecosystems varies from 100 to 500 Kg C ha-1 yr-1. Improving soil organic carbon pool through agroforestry improves soil quality, biomass productivity and mitigates global warming by reducing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Nutrient cycling is another way in which trees draw a large portion of nutrients from deeper soil layer and return it to the soil through crown crash, stem flow and litter fall. In a nutshell, for improving the soil quality, ecological balance and sustainability of agro eco systems , agroforestry is one of the best viable alternative land use system.
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Agroforestry for Rehabilitation of Mine spoils in Dehradun Valley |
K.S. DADHWAL AND G.P. JUYAL |
Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute 218 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248 195 |
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Mining is an important activity for economic development. However, it is associated with land degradation, pollution of air and water, droughts, floods, land slides and land slips, silting of reservoirs, chocking of bridges and disruption of communications are some of the very serious environmental hazards. The need of the hour is to scientifically extract the mineral coupled with adopting mechanical and vegetative measures to rehabilitate the mine spoils. In the present paper effect of mining on natural resources has been detailed, also techniques adopted and standardized for rehabilitation Sahastradhara mined area of Dehra Dun valley over two decades have been clubbed.
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Bhimal (Grewia optiva) Based Land Use Systems for Resource Conservation and Fodder Severity in Shivalik Himalayas |
HARSH MEHTA AND K.S. DADHWAL |
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, 218 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248195 |
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Fodder availability is a serious concern during winter season in hilly areas as land for growing fodder crops is hardly available unlike plains. Bhimal as an agroforestry species is being cultivated in the Himalayas since long, however, genetic improvement of the species was hardly undertaken in the past barring a few reports on tree improvement of the species. Seeds were used to be usually collected from crooked trees which are easy to climb or swept from the forest floor. Since agroforestry systems have great promise to improve the productivity of both agricultural and tree crops, therefore, keeping that in view, seven provenances (I.C. Bhaintan , I.C. Chamba, I.C. Katkor, I.C. Malas, I.C. Nauni, I.C. Naur, I.C. Tachla) were collected from different regions of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and evaluated for 10 years (1995-2004). Significant differences in the productivity potential of Bhimal provenances were noticed and the high yielding fodder provenances identified (I.C. Bhaintan , I.C. Chamba and I.C. Malas), yielding as high as 35 q ha-1 thus fodder productivity could be increased to 25% by planting high yielding provenances. Likewise high yielding provenaces (HYPs) for fuelwood and fibre were identified which can increase the productivity potential of the agroforestry system. In 2005, more than 1200 saplings of HYPs were multiplied in a polyhouse and planted at different elevations in the Himalayas under prevailing agroforestry systems. Differential responses of HYPs in respect of growth and productivity at different locations have been monitored. The rooting behaviour of HYPs was also investigated and it was found that all the three provenances viz., I.C. Bhaintan , I.C. Chamba and I.C. Malas have high soil binding characteristics, thus revealing that apart from production, this tree species plays an important role in soil conservation. Further, high regression of soil binding on above ground biomass and specific root length was recorded among these provenaces. Looking at the performance of such provenances on the farmers’ fields, the demand of high yielding provenaces is increasing. Unlike Eucalyptus, Bhimal had the minimal effect on the performance of field crops and the overall system productivity of the Grewia optiva based agroforestry system was profitable along with insurance against aberrant monsoon conditions.
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Tree Based Farming Systems for Paonta Valley of Himachal Pradesh |
V.K. CHAUHAN, A.K. JOSHI AND R.S. RANA |
Horticultural Regional Research Station, Dhaulakuan, Sirmour-173 001 (HP) |
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Survey and research trial conducted for the selection of promising tree based farming system in Paonta valley region of H.P. have been summarized in the manuscript. Tree based farming innovations with intercropping, their planting technology and geometry around field/farm, pure plantation , block plantation of trees grown with agricultural /fruit crops for better productivity per unit of land have been suggested for improving socio-economic condition of the regional farmers.
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Aonla Based Agroforestry Systems for Soil and Water Conservation in Shivaliks |
RAM PRASAD, R.P. YADAV AND PANKAJ PANWAR |
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Research Station, Chandigarh- 160 019 |
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A long term study was conducted to evaluate different aonla based silvipastoral systems for compatibility, productivity and conservation effects. Three grass species viz. dholu, hybrid napier and perennial arhar were evaluated for 14 years for degraded lands of Shivaliks. Hybrid napier because of its vigour growth adversely affected the growth of aonla but effect on yield turned non-significant. Arhar could survive only during pre-bearing state. Studies on soil losses and runoff for decades showed that Embilica officinalis + Chrysopogon fulvus was the best silvipastoral system for soil conservation. This system saved rainwater and soil in a range of 4.88 to 30.66 cm and 862-2818 kg ha-1 respectively over sole plantation. The combination of Embilica officinalis + Chrysopogon fulvus proved to be the most effective silvipastoral system for reclamation of degraded lands and improving economic status of people in Shivalik foot hills.
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Role of Agroforestry in Soil Conservation and Soil Quality |
R.P. YADAV, S.K. YADAV, PANKAJ PANWAR AND S.L. Arya |
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Research Centre, Chandigarh–160 019 |
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Tree component of agroforestry systems produce large biomass of varying nutrient concentration to serve as alternative to inorganic fertilizers under integrated nutrient management or organic farming. Additionally, agroforestry systems proved effective in conserving soil and rainfall and brought down soil loss up to 0.2 t ha-1 and runoff up to 1.8 per cent of rainfall. Introduction of grasses in aonla conserved up to 31 cm of rainwater, 28 q ha-1 of soil, 11 kg ha-1 of N and 2 kg ha-1 of K2O. Conservation coupled with ameliorative capacity of agroforestry systems helped in building organic carbon and nutrients and improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
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Land Degradation in the Shivaliks of Jammu and Kashmir : Role of Agroforestry in Conservation and Reclamation |
VIKAS SHARMA1 AND S. K. GUPTA2 |
1Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry and 2Division of Agroforestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Chatha – 180009. |
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The lower Shivaliks of Jammu and Kashmir comprise 12% of the total area of Jammu region. The productivity of the soils is not only low but highly unstable. High intensity monsoonal rains coupled with rolling topography, low organic matter and coarse nature of the soils are primarily responsible for soil erosion in the region. Soil loss due to erosion depletes the soil nutrients and, is primarily responsible for land degradation, low productivity and poor economic status of the farmers in the region. Further, the adoption level of the farmers regarding modern conservation techniques is also low. Though soil erosion can be controlled or minimized through agronomical and/or mechanical techniques but agroforestry intervention is one such option which can be used for managing the land in the problematic conditions. Agroforestry systems have proven potential of conserving soil and water besides enrichment of soil through biomass additions. Agroforestry systems, therefore, help curtail soil erosion both by intercepting the rain and minimising its erosivity as well as by reducing the erodibility of the soil. Tree based cropping systems enhance the organic content in soils and therefore, create more stable aggregates, which provide more resistance to erosive forces. The chapter discusses
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Bamboo Species of Shivalik Foot Hills |
D.R. BHARDWAJ, KRISHAN CHAND AND BHALENDER SINGH |
Dept. of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) 173230 |
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The paper discusses the problems of soil and water erosion in the Shivalik foot hills and suggests strategies for improved land use planning and the role bamboo species can play in mitigating the problems. The paper also discusses the various bamboo species of the Shivalik foothills, their regeneration, planting practices, management and utilization pattern in detail.
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Effect of Different Land Treatments on Hydrological Behaviour and Soil Loss in Shivaliks |
V.K. BHATT AND A.K. TIWARI |
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Research Centre, Chandigarh-160 019 |
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The Shivalik range of Himalayas, represent the most fragile ecosystem in India. In order to see the impact of land treatment, five hilly micro watersheds typical of the region having catchment area from 0.813 to 4.750 ha were selected for study. All the five watersheds were brought under study during 1966. Temporal changes in water yield from hilly catchments of Shivalik were monitored for twenty eight years (1966-1993). The watersheds were treated with annual burning (LT1), contour trenching +afforestation (LT2), cutting of trees, shrubs and over grazing (LT3) and over grazing alone (LT4). One watershed (LT5) was kept as control without any interference. As a result of burning, cutting and grazing there was significant increase in runoff as well as peak flow in the initial years, however, after increase in vegetation through protection from 1977 onwards resulted in decrease in runoff and soil loss.
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Impact of Climate Change on Horticulture |
W.S. DHILLON, SANJEEV K. CHAUHAN* AND H.V. SRINIDHI |
Department of Horticulture, * Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 |
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Among the challenges of 21st century, to make the food supply sustainable, the impact of climate change is largely unconceivable. The climate on earth has increased by 0.74° C over the past 100 years. Best estimate for low scenario of global warming is 1.8°C and for high scenario is 4°C. Last decade recorded the hottest in the century and 2009 has been rated hottest since 1900. Retreating glaciers have been confirmed in various parts of the world. Further, the current greatest challenge is to perceive the biological impact of such climate changes. Efforts have been initiated by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on biological systems across the globe. Since 1950’s, the change in carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere is being monitored. Almost a decade later, computer models were employed to assess the possible impact of change in temperature and enhanced CO2. By the 1980’s consensus was almost achieved on possible doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration due to emission from fossil fuels and rise in the global temperature. Since then quantitative estimates on the biological impacts of climate change have been taken up by scientific community world wide. Presently, ample of evidence on impact of climate change from marine to terrestrial environment, from species to communities, ecosystems and hierarchies have been gathered for both flora and fauna (Walther et al., 2002). Parmesan and Yune (2003) reported that meta-analyses of 334 species and global analyses of 1,570 species revealed highly significant and regular patterns of change in relation to observed warming with more than 95 per cent confidence, as fingerprints of climate change.
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Traditional Approaches for Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources in Chamba and Kangra Districts of Himachal Pradesh |
VIPAN GULERIA AND ATUL GUPTA |
Regional Horticulture Research Station Jachh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh-176 201 |
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Chamba and Kangra districts of Himachal Pradesh are abode to vast natural diversity. The people of the area had developed varied traditionl approaches to live with the nature so that natural resources can be protected for their sustained use. The present paper enumerates some of the ecofriendly life styles, agroforestry systems and water use practices being adopted by the farmers of the region.
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Carbon Sequestration Potential of Production Forestry for Mitigating Impact of Climate Change |
S.C. SHARMA*, A.S. DOGRA** AND SANJEEV K. CHAUHAN*** |
* Director, Zonal Research Station for Kandi Area, Ballowal Saunkhri, Distt. Nawanshahr, Punjab. ** Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Retd.), Punjab State Forest Department, 17 Bays Building, Sector 17, Chandigarh – 160 016 *** Associate Prof. Forestry, Punjab Agril. University, Ludhiana- 141 004 |
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The increasing level of green house gases in general CO2 in particular has raised concerns about the vulnerability of human, animal and plant life. These concerns have prompted the Governments world over to take the appropriate measures to save them from perspective destruction. Forests though serve as source and sink of the CO2, there is need to synthesize the impact of climate change on forests and the role of forests in global carbon cycle. Climate change needs to become part of decision making in forest management. Also, the agroforestry, a potential carbon sequestration activity is lagging behind, there is a growing interest in it in countries that have not only ratified Kyoto Protocol but also facing many other ecological problems on their private working land. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offers benefits through sink credits and reduces the negative impact of climate change, therefore, necessary institutional arrangements should be put in place to use CDM projects effectively for generating resources through afforestation and reforestation projects for the well being of present as well as future generation. Forest/agroforestry scientists/managers need to realize the current degree of vulnerability and start thinking about their ability to cope with the impacts. Governments have initiated negotiations on policy actions to reduce the green house gases and addressed the vulnerabilities of the ecological, economic and social systems to climate change. It may be one of the least expensive ways for industries to off-set their carbon emission and tree growers to benefit through the carbon trade. Despite the fact that the certain aspects under Kyoto Protocol are still under clarification and negotiation, the forest plantations will play an important role in carbon sequestration and the implementation of Kyoto Protocol. Since the development of plantation is a slow process, the dividends will only be realized after a gap therefore the new plantation should be taken up without delay and the old one be managed as per their silvicultural rotation.
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Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands through Silvipastoral Systems – A Balanced Approach for Alternative Land Use with Special Reference to N-W Himalayas |
CHARAN SINGH AND O.P. CHATURVEDI |
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248 195 |
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North-Western Himalayas have a large area which are degraded and bouldry. Such areas are not fit for crop production. These areas are generally kept unutilized and hence are invaded by uneconomic and invasive species. These lands can be brought under production though establishment of silvipastoral system which has a potential of fodder, fuel and timber production besides conserving natural resources. The paper discusses the techniques of establishment, management and production potential of silvipasture systems in north-western Himalayas.
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