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Involving Rural Youths in Farming – A Suggested Roadmap |
P P Pal, A K Singh and H K De |
ICAR-Zonal Project Directorate, Zone II, Kolkata 700097 |
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Rural youths represent both a challenge to and an opportunity for reducing rural poverty. To overcome this challenge and seize the opportunity concerted efforts are needed to generate decent employment opportunities. A complementary set of awareness generation, entrepreneurship development, enabling policy, capacity building and technical support activities need to be designed for creating an enabling environment that meets the multi-dimensional needs of rural youths. Sustainable poverty reduction and rural economic development can only be achieved when national enabling environments facilitates and empower young people to achieve their full potential. Agriculture being the core of rural activity, potentiality of farming sector to create employment opportunity both in primary as well as in secondary agriculture needs to be highlighted with proven success before the rural youths. Enabling environment in all aspect needs to be created to motivate the educated youths to live in villages and launch a new agricultural movement based on integrated application of science and social wisdom. The untapped demographic dividend will become our greatest strength when the aspiration turns into reality.
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Role of Youth in Family Farming |
Vijay Kumar1, 2Jyoti Manjusha, 3Ranjana Sachan and Y.K Verma4 |
1T.V.O, Jharkhand Government; 2,3,4Ph.D Scholar, IVRI, Bareilly. |
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The family farm exists as one of the most important factors in food production in India. Rural areas in the country are home to 73 per cent of India’s population, most of whom rely upon agriculture for their livelihood. Whole families run the farms and, because of the rural location, are less educated than their urban countrymen. Youth are increasingly losing interest in agriculture and migrate to urban areas in search for job opportunities in other sectors, yet in some countries opposite trends were observed recently. Access to adequate productive resources, goods and services, and job opportunities would convince youth to stay closer to the family farm. Access to education would be essential for youth to be able and willing to stay in rural areas and engage in agriculture. Young Farmers’ Organizations can effectively represent the needs and interest of rural/agricultural youth in policy making processes. Women are the backbone of family farming. They play multiple roles, undertaking both productive and reproductive activities in agricultural/rural households. Women’s large contribution of work in family farms is not recognized, in terms of income earned and access to productive resources and assets. Families in agriculture have multiple vulnerabilities. Both women and men need adequate access to productive resources to make rural societies more resilient. If women get equal access to resources, they could improve their yields which would reduce food insecurity of agricultural/rural households. Government should develop policies, programs and projects that target specifically young farmers and provide them with privileged access to land, credit and technical knowledge. Improve educational instruments and support alternative models for knowledge transfer in rural areas, e.g: agro-ecological education in local schools. Youth should actively participate in farmers’ organizations in order to let their voice heard and better access agricultural resources - including credit and finance. Young farmers should pay special attention to the conservation of natural resources. Governments should invest in young farmers for tomorrow’s food security.
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Role and Aspirations of Youth in Family Farming |
M. Bhavya Manjari |
Research Associate, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rudrur, Nizamabad District, Telangana |
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Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy that contributes about 17% to the total GDP and provides employment to over 60% of the population. But, the villages are becoming poorer and poorer and only older generations are left there to do the agricultural operations. During the past two years, cost of food items like grains, pulses, oil and vegetables are increasing, month after month. Family farming is the best approach to produce agricultural products economically, utilizing locally available resources and crop residues and manpower very efficiently and sustainably. Family farming is a way of life” - there are unique advantages - the security of access and control over resources, meeting multiple needs of the family – food and income, the relationships with nature, the bonding with the past, present and future; ensuring freedom from external exploitation as well as freedom to do your own way. Family farms as multipurpose enterprises have been serving as buffers in times of disasters, as glue of social bonding, often functioning as a ’value web’ between farming families and communities. The United Nations defines youth as young men and women from age 15 to 24. The present situation of rural youth in developing countries can generally be characterized by illiteracy, lack of educational and training opportunities, unemployment, under-employment and the flight of large numbers of rural youth to the cities. There are serious challenges too – stifling and non supportive policy environment, lack of extension system to handle the farmer’s distinct needs and capacities, and lastly ‘converting’ family farms to be ‘business like’ models. However, successful pilots can become big impact programmes, for instance, as in Andhra Pradesh, through NGO-GO collaboration. Hence, rural youth need to be prepared in: (a) improving their capabilities to produce food and to conserve productive resources in the rural environment, (b) improving skills and abilities in undertaking income-generating activities in rural areas, (c) relieving population pressure and improving nutrition and the well-being of farming families and (d) developing leadership and the ability to work well with others in group and community situations.
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Role and Aspiration of Rural Youth in Family Farming |
Akanchha Singh |
Institute of Agricultural Sciences –Banaras Hindu University -221005 |
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Family farming is the blending of experience, skill, managerial qualities, business strategies and finally economic independence because this type of farming involves the blending of different minds of the family members. There is not any doubt in saying that youth are the of future. This is the time between childhood and adulthood. It is the time when a young individual get out of their dreamy world of childhood and face some of the most complicated realities of the world.Family farming is still facing the problem of urbanization and unemployment. But youth of present scenario are the solution of every problem because skilled youth of rural background can drive future economic growth as they are innovative in bringing and applying new ideas on a large scale. Rural youth are enthusiastic and they can act as good leaders as their orientation is scientific. Youth support family farming as well as perform gender specific activities.They are said to be the key to sustainable and innovative development. Investment in rural youth is the key to country‘s progress and boost economic opportunities. Rural youth of today want that their capabilities should be utilized for producing food and for conserving productive resources in rural environment. Their mental skills make them different from others so Govt. should adopt such policies that mark the correct value of their skill.This research paper emphasizes the role of rural youth in agriculture and family farming and what are their aspirations from this sector.
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Role and Aspiration of Rural Youth in Family Farming |
A.S. Tigga |
Asst. Prof.-cum-Jr. Scientist, Department of Extension Education Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur |
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It is becoming obvious that the interest of youth in agriculture is declining and this trend is likely to continue if we do not look into this seriously. A large number of young people are migrating to urban centers in the hope of getting employment and for a better life. This is due to lack of jobs and opportunities in rural areas, and a view that working in farming is low status and does not offer good future prospects. Young people play an important role and are required in the agriculture sector. But education or training programs are not always readily available, technologies are not accessible, inputs may be scarce, and other vital services are not accessible. Young people now-a-days are becoming less connected with their food, often making little or no association between the food they eat, who is behind it and it is produced. They may not see beyond the store or market, nor make the connection between the food they are eating and the efforts made by farmers to grow it. This growing disconnection with agriculture implies an uncertain future for sustainable food production to feed the growing population. It is important to make the link between food and agriculture visible. The important role young people play in farming needs to be understood as agriculture is sustainable if it can attract future generation farmers. In fact the young people are the future farmers. Efforts are required to discourage the overwhelming tendency of young people to move out of farming in search of a more comfortable life and better income. It is true that there are major challenges, farming is not an easy or a more glamorous option, but we should be exploring ways of doing agriculture in a sustainable and rewarding manner.
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Youth Involvement in Family Farming |
Sneha Singh1, Raghuveer Singh Meena2 and O.P. Mishra3 |
1,2Research Scholars 3Associate Professor Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005 |
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India is a developing country and agriculture is at the core of this development. Youth participation in agriculture for its sustained contribution to a nation’s development is crucial but this is not ascertained. FAO has declared year 2014 as the International Year of Family Farming (IYFF). Today’s youth are tomorrow’s family farmers, and maintaining interest in farming as a profession is vital to future food security. The number of young people of working age is increasing while the same group is typically rejecting careers in agriculture and food system. This scenario can be changed by cultivating the next generation of agricultural leaders—not just as farmers but as food entrepreneurs, scientists, agronomists, extension agents, union and government leaders etc. Governments, particularly in developing countries, need to invest in policies and practices that provide access to land, credit and banking services, education and knowledge, and technical skills for young farmers. And these governments need to ensure that young people have access to markets, goods and service, employment opportunities, and leisure so that they prefer to stay on the farm.
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Rural Youth: The Future of Family Farming |
Mukesh Kumar, Aparna Radhakrishanan and Minu Singh |
Ph.D Scholar, Dairy Extension Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal Haryana |
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Youth denotes-”Young, Original, Unique, Talented, and Hopeful”. Youths represent the most active segment of the population and the engine that do most productive work of the society (Adesope, 1996). Youths are a formidable force in the agricultural production, process, constituting a sizeable proportion of future progressive farmers and better citizens, especially in the rural areas. Fifty percent of Indian population has average age group 25 and more than 65 percent below the age of 35 years therefore United Nations (2005) defines youth as ‘all individuals aged between 15 and 24 year’ and declared 2014 as the “International Year of Family Farming”. Family farming is a means of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral and aquaculture production which is managed and operated by a family and predominantly reliant on family labour, including both of women and men.
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Role, Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Youths in Family Farming |
Sarvesh Kumar and B.K. Mandal |
Scientist (Agricultural Extension), JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra-Harda (MP), Programme Coordinator, KVK-Saharsa, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bihar) |
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The United Nations has declared 2014 as the International Year of Family Farming. The central role of increased participation by youth in agriculture is necessary and vital to facilitate food and nutrition security. Rural Family farming generates food and income for hundreds of millions of rural people, including the poor and marginalized fostering jobs for men, women and young people, both within their family farms and in related enterprises along food and agricultural value chains. It provides models of adaptability and resilience for more sustainable food production and is socially and culturally part of communities and territories constituting regions and as such underpins national food security in most countries safeguarding and protecting the environmental assets and natural resources, biodiversity and cultural heritage. Under the right conditions and with supportive policies, family farmers particularly the youth and women have proven to be innovative, productive and resilient, especially if they are supported to use agro-ecological practices that are based on their own resources and priorities. This makes youth in family farming key players in tackling the pressing issues of our time, such as hunger, climate change and biodiversity loss. Family farming includes all family-based agricultural activities, and it is linked to several areas of rural development. Family farming is a means of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral and aquaculture production which is managed and operated by a family and predominantly reliant on family labour, including both men and women. Rural youth, smallholder and family farmers face numerous challenges in the prevailing times such as climate change and climate variability; lack of tenure security in a context of increasing competition for land and water (population growth, urbanization) and inadequate governance of land tenure; limited access to financial resources, inputs, technology, training, research and advisory services, and education, price volatility and limited access to markets among a few. As an opportunity the availability of real income generating options in agriculture can offer rehabilitating young persons whose alternative options are neither socially acceptable nor responsible. Simultaneously, the vibrant and expanding market for primary and secondary agricultural commodities offers tremendous opportunities for young people to earn good income from agricultural activities.
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Challenges Faced by Rural Youth in Choice of Career in Agriculture |
Renu Gangwar1 and V.L.V. Kameswari2 |
1Ph.D Student (Agricultural Extension and Communication), 2Professor,Department of Agricultural Communication, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand |
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Agriculture and allied sectors is the largest livelihood providers in rural India, still Indian farmers are among the poorest in the World. Agriculture sector is potentially largest employment providing sectors in the country. Despite this, unemployment is high among educated rural youth, and they prefer to migrate to urban areas to take up low paying jobs. The present study was carried out mainly to find out the challenges faced by rural youth in choice of agriculture as a means of livelihood. The study was conducted in four villages in Udham Singh Nagar district in Uttarakhand. Data was collected from 115 youth using pre-tested interview schedule. It was found that maximum number of respondents had education up to higher secondary level, majority were students and had medium level of mass media exposure and change proneness. The study indicates that limited access to new agricultural technologies, limited access to farm machinery, perception regarding suitability to agriculture, damage of crops from pests and insects, and lack of information on agricultural inputs and government policies were the main challenges faced by rural youth in choosing agriculture as a means of livelihood. The study indicates that government has developed policy framework for involving youth in agriculture. This study can be carried on training needs of youth in agriculture and allied sectors.
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Problems of Rural Youth in Family Farming: Challenges and Mitigation Strategies |
O.P. Mishra |
Associate Professor, Department of Extension Education Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221 005 (Uttar Pradesh) |
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It is agony of the situation that even after attaining food security after a wonderful revolution, we are at a verge of complex combination of several crisis. This notably includes lack of nutritional security, deteriorating genetic base, loss of biological-diversity etc.Therefore at the 66th session of general assembly of the United Nation 2014 was formally declared to be the “International Year of Family Farming” to reposition family farming at the centre of discussion to address multiple problems existing in agriculture (www.fao.org/family-farming-214/home/what-is-famly-farming/en/). Family is the basic unit of the society. A self reliant and prosperous society needs self sustaining families which in turn require equitable and creative participation by all members of the family. Family farming is the backbone of agriculture where a rural youth effuse and rejuvenate this backbone through effective participation and obeisance of the tradition through which indigenous technical knowledge is transferred. Family farming is the same participatory phenomenon, employed from generations immemorial where each and every member of the family manage, actuate and link different agricultural activities to not only ensure nutritional security to its family as well as nation but also provide farm animals with sufficient amount of fodder throughout the year. Besides it, rural youth involved in family farming also maintains and learns the indigenous technical knowledge (ITK). They transfer this value and natural germplasm preservation to next generation. Family farming utilizes family labour as an effective tool in accomplishment of family objectives.
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Assessment of DSR and MTR as A Source of Livelihood for Rural Youths in Northern Bihar |
Ram Pal and Devendra Mandal |
Subject Matter Specialist,Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rohtas, Bikramganj, Bihar-801222 |
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Assessment of technical and financial feasibility of two resource conservation technologies suitable for rice establishment1. Zero Tillage Machine (ZTM) for direct seeded rice (DSR) and; 2. Paddy transplanter machine (PTM) for mechanical transplanted rice(MTR) in Rohtas district was carried out at the demonstration farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Rohtas during Kharif-2012 and 2013 in a view to reduce the drudgery and cost of cultivation. An eight row self-propelled PTM (Model 2ZT-238-8) and 9 tined National Make ZTM were used for the purpose. Technical performance of these resource conservation technologies was found satisfactory. The field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and cost of establishment of rice by these technologies were evaluated for the purpose. For the assessment of financial feasibility; benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, pay-back period and net present worth of these technologies were evaluated and demonstrated to rural youths for their quick adoption and get rid of labour-shortage and delayed transplanting of rice crop and hence saving of significant loss of Rabi crops that happens due to delayed harvesting of rice crop.
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Exploring Awareness Among NREGA Beneficiaries Under The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 |
A.S. Tigga |
Asst. Prof.-cum-Jr. Scientist, Department of Extension Education Bihar Agricultural College,Sabour, Bhagalpur,Bihar |
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The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005(NREGA) was brought into force by the Union Government in February 2006 which was renamed on 2nd October 2009 as MGNREGA i.e. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. It is the first nation-wide employment scheme that guarantees employment legally to India’s rural population. According to the Union Rural Development Ministry’s figures, more than 1.36 crore people of the country’s total population have been given jobs under the Act. It guarantees 100 days of unskilled jobs per rural household. This is meant to regenerate the rural natural resource base, which in turn, will result in sustainable livelihoods for residents. It is with this background the present article has been planned with the specific objectives to explore the extent of awareness about NREGA among the target group of the Act. Ray (2008) told that, director, Development, Allahabad University included NREGA in the curriculum of rural sociology and has suggested that seminar; workshops and university publications can be used for awareness generation.UNIFEM Workshop (2009) concluded that, in case of Kerala, Kudumbashree and Panchayat have been very vigilant in spreading awareness about NREGA through radio, poster, television, notice board on gram Sabhas, etc.
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Economic Opportunities for Youth in Farming that Provide Alternative to Migration in Urban Areas |
S.K. Sinha |
Jute Research Station, Katihar |
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During the last visit of Barak Obama in the year 2011, he pointed out that India is fortunate to have a youth population with a half of the total population being under the age of 30-35 years. Out of 600 million young people, over 60% live in villages and majority of them are educated. Mahatma Gandhi considered that migration of rural youth from villages to town and cities as the most serious form of brain drain affecting adversely rural India’s development. The National Commission on Farmers stressed the need for attracting and retaining rural youth in farming. Recently, National Sample Survey has indicated that over 45% people want to quit farming under these condition there is need to persuade educated youth including farm graduates to stay in villages and take up agriculture as a profession.There are various economic opportunities for farm graduates which are discussed below:
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Rural Youth Migration and Measures to Combat it Efficiently through Agriculture |
Rekha Balodi1, Lajja Vati2, Sunaina Bisht1 and Abhijeet Ghatak3 |
1 Plant Pathology, COA, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (263 145), U.S. Nagar,Uttarakhand, 2 Plant Breeding and Genetics, BAC, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour Bhagalpur 813 210,Bihar, 3 Plant Pathology, BAC, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour Bhagalpur 813 210,Bihar |
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Agriculture is an important economic activity in India, contributing around 50% for the employment generation and 14% to the total gross domestic product (GDP) of the nation. Being a subsistence activity, agriculture shares maximum contribution in the national economy. However, the income generated from agriculture is not sufficient to engage the rural youth in farming profession. Lack of economic incentives coupled with other factors like lack of infrastructure for education, and opportunities for employment lead to the migration of the rural youth to the urban areas. Migration of human population can be both interstate as well as intrastate to establish a new permanent or semi-permanent residence. According to the 2001 census, total number of migrants is 314 million by the last residence. Of these 85% of the migration is intrastate while 13% migration is interstate. Approximately 20 million people have migrated from rural areas to urban areas; the reason for migration was predominantly marriage for females, and employment and education for males. This phenomenon has resulted in decrease in the work force in the villages leading over labour population in urban areas – those results in low wages due to competition and wide spread poverty. The situation becomes worse when the youth drop out from the formal education system and move to the urban areas in search of better employment opportunities. This unskilled labour constitute the labour class in the urban areas, and due to the low wages received by them, they remain economically vulnerable. This situation is aggravated by the biased government policies for the rural youth, lack of awareness and ever spreading poverty. Thus, it is important to understand the factors responsible for the youth migration from rural to urban areas and effect of this migration on both rural and urban economy. This paper highlights the issue of youth migration from rural areas to urban areas in search of better education and employment opportunities and its consequences. Further, the policies are described in brief for the involvement of the rural youth in rural economy.
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The Falling Farm Hands for Indian Agriculture: Understanding the Brain Drain of Rural Youth from Agriculture Farming to Non-Agricultural Sectors |
Punit Kumar Agarwal1, Pushpa2, Smita Sirohi2 |
1Research Scholar, Dept. of Agriculture Economics, Banaras Hindu University Banaras, 2Dairy Economics, Statistics & Management, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal |
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Economic growth of a country depends upon the skills of its people and the application of knowledge, inherited or acquired by them. Optimum utilization of human resources undoubtedly leads to considerable degree of economic development of a country. There are over one billion youth (aged 15 – 24) in the world today. Eighty five (85) per cent of these youth live in the developing world, where 99 per cent of population growth is occurring. Around 50 per cent of the population in developing countries live in rural areas. Some 61.5 per cent of youth live in Asia. Many youth are unable to reach their potential because of poverty and associated hunger and poor health. Also, education and training is often of poor quality and is irrelevant and inappropriate for the needs of rural youth and of the labour market. So although many youth today are more educated than their parent’s generation, they often do not possess employable skills. Even when good education and training are available and youth have been well trained, obstacles still exist, such as social customs (for example, caste and traditional values), lack of support mechanisms and lack of access to capital. Corruption is also a problem, as are structural impediments (institutional and governmental). Also, because youth numbers are growing faster than the rate of job creation, too few decent employment opportunities are available for the number of youth seeking them. The result is that a large number of youth are unemployed or underemployed. Not only do these youth lack income, they lack a means of gaining respect and a sense of belonging in their communities. Inability to find decent employment means youth often find employment in the informal sector, with poor working conditions and pay. Rural youth will often look to urban areas for employment and move to cities that adversely affect the household farming in India. |
Punit Kumar Agarwal1, Pushpa2, Smita Sirohi2 |
1Research Scholar, Dept. of Agriculture Economics, Banaras Hindu University Banaras, 2Dairy Economics, Statistics & Management, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal |
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Economic growth of a country depends upon the skills of its people and the application of knowledge, inherited or acquired by them. Optimum utilization of human resources undoubtedly leads to considerable degree of economic development of a country. There are over one billion youth (aged 15 – 24) in the world today. Eighty five (85) per cent of these youth live in the developing world, where 99 per cent of population growth is occurring. Around 50 per cent of the population in developing countries live in rural areas. Some 61.5 per cent of youth live in Asia. Many youth are unable to reach their potential because of poverty and associated hunger and poor health. Also, education and training is often of poor quality and is irrelevant and inappropriate for the needs of rural youth and of the labour market. So although many youth today are more educated than their parent’s generation, they often do not possess employable skills. Even when good education and training are available and youth have been well trained, obstacles still exist, such as social customs (for example, caste and traditional values), lack of support mechanisms and lack of access to capital. Corruption is also a problem, as are structural impediments (institutional and governmental). Also, because youth numbers are growing faster than the rate of job creation, too few decent employment opportunities are available for the number of youth seeking them. The result is that a large number of youth are unemployed or underemployed. Not only do these youth lack income, they lack a means of gaining respect and a sense of belonging in their communities. Inability to find decent employment means youth often find employment in the informal sector, with poor working conditions and pay. Rural youth will often look to urban areas for employment and move to cities that adversely affect the household farming in India.
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Economic Opportunities for Rural Youth in Farming: Exploring The Alternatives for Migration to Urban Areas |
Mahesh Chander1, Hari R and Prakash Kumar Rathod |
1Principal Scientist and Head, Division of Extension Education Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Uttar Pradesh |
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Farming acts as the primary occupation of majority of the population in India. According to National Sample Survey Estimate, about 49% of the Indian population is dependent on agriculture and allied industries (GOI, 2014, CIA, 2012) making it the largest source of employment to the people of India. Although, being a second largest food producing country in the world (Sarkar, 2009), the contribution of agriculture to the GDP has been declining. The contribution of agriculture to Indian GDP has declined from 30% in 1991 to 15% in 2011-2012 to 13.7% in 2013 (Economic Survey. 2013-2014). This decline is also accompanied by a decline in the participation of people in Indian farming sector. In fact between 2001 and 2011 about 9 million people have quit farming, which is about 2 million more than the decline noted in the previous decade (GOI, 2011). This figure equates to about 2035 farmers quitting farming per day. The recent census (GOI, 2011) also highlighted that for the first time in four decades an absolute decline (about 7%) in the cultivators has been noted.
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Income Generating Activities for Youth in Farming Under Rural Development Programmes |
Gopika M.H.1, Preethi2 and Kowsalya K.S.3 |
1Assistant Technology Manager (ATM), ATMA Project, Dept. of Agriculture Hoskote Taluk, Bangalore Rural District- 562114, 2&3 P.G Students, Dept. of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, UAS GKVK, Bangalore -560065 |
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Income generating activities are considered as those initiatives that affect the economic aspects of rural youth’s lives through the use of economic tools such as credit and subsidy. If the youth in farming is not economically free and self-earning, he has to depend on others or migrate to the urban cities in search of jobs. Agriculture, self-employment and wage employment are the basic tools to fulfill the desire of economic independence. In the past, agriculture was placed on the top position as an income generation option and self-employment and wage employment to rural youth was the 2nd and 3rd priority respectively. Income generating activities such as dairy activities, goat and sheep rearing, poultry unit, bamboo products making, pickle making, leaf plate making, keeping powertiller, husking mill cum wheat grinding machine, tractor etc. Further, there are various self employment and wage employment opportunities through rural development programmes like Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana (PMRY), Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), Pradhan Manthri Gram SadakYojana(PMGSY), Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Training of Rural Youth for Self -Employment (TRYSEM) etc. These are the best programmes especially for the upliftment of the rural youth to enhancing their income level. Some of these programmes are now helping rural youths to become more and more independent and free from economic dependence.
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Engaging Youth in Agriculture - A Key to Food Security |
Niketha L., Bagish Kumar, Minu Singh and Sanjeev Kumar |
Ph.D Scholars, Dairy Extension Division, National Dairy Research Institute Karnal, Haryana |
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Engaging youth in agriculture has been a prominent topic recently and has risen up the development agenda, as there is growing concern worldwide and also in India that young people have become disenchanted with agriculture. Over 60 per cent of the world’s rural population is made of youth, with half of them being young women and girls. Due to their limited access to assets (in particular land), markets, finance and education and skills training, rural youth are often unemployed or work informally – often in unpaid, very low-skilled, insecure and sometimes hazardous jobs. If young people living in rural areas do not find enough incentives, profitable economic opportunities and attractive environments in which to live and work, they will continue to migrate to cities. This trend would not only contribute to the mega urbanization and growing urban unemployment that is already under way, but is expected to affect global food production: who will then feed the global population that is projected to reach 9.2 billion people by 2050. With most young people around 85% living in developing countries, where agriculture is likely to provide the main source of income it is vital that young people are connected with farming. Currently around the world we’re living in an era where rapid urbanisation has led to a decline in rural populations and for the first time ever the majority of the world’s population lives in a city. The UN World Health Organization predicts that “by 2030, 6 out of every 10 people will live in a city, and by 2050, this proportion will increase to 7 out of 10 people” meaning that more young people than ever before are moving to cities and towns to find work, leaving few behind to work in rural areas. With this predicted concentration of the global population in urban areas it is easier to understand why the number of young farmers is in decline. Government should emphasize the need to invest in “the rural youth of today, the farmers of tomorrow”. Investing in young people living in rural areas is key to enhancing agricultural productivity and food security, boosting rural economies, and reducing rural-to-urban migration. Young people have enormous potential for the innovation and risk-taking that is often at the core of growth and development in rural areas, particularly in smallholder agriculture. Young farmers and producers often have greater capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship than older adults. This capacity may better equip them to address the emerging requirements of agriculture and the rural non-farm economy. Farming offers the young generation a chance to make a difference by growing enough food to feed the world. Those who become farmers now have the opportunity to be the generation that end world hunger and alleviate malnutrition, as well as helping the sector adapt to climate change. There are many challenges ahead for the sector but if young people are offered education in agriculture, a voice at policy level, and in the media, and are engaged with innovations then the agriculture industry can attract youth again. As we look to find solutions to feeding a world of nine billion people by 2050, it is this new generation that – working together – can help to achieve global development. The present paper is conceptual in nature and deals with present conditions of youth their further growth, hurdles and how their energy can be mobilised to pump the fresh blood in the age old Indian agriculture.
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The Ways to Make Family Farming Look Charming with the Involvement of Youth |
S.Jegan Karuppiah and Arokia Marry Eddolin |
Scientist-cum-Research Scholar, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Chennai |
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Agriculture is backbone of our country, India is lives in its villages, these are all vibrant statements about our nation and our farming system but now the situation has been turned out in to urbanization in terms of migration.UN also announces this year (2014) as an international year of family farming in this context, the real status of FF in India is a biggest question mark. This means FF is not happening as expected even though Tamil Nadu is one of the familiar state across India for family farming but due to lack of youth involvement in agriculture, Family Farming is not happening in a full-fledged and unfortunate thing is it is even more decreased.If this situation persists over a period of time, the above said vibrant statements will become spiritless, hence the solutions for this problem is Indiais reverse migration and every home should have farmer. These are all possible, if the youth is attracted towards farming and adopt Family Farming System (FFS). The statistics says in Tamil Nadu, 13 percent of youth only involved in farming and the population according to the census 2011 is about 7.2 crore, which means meager youth were involved in farming. Although Tamilnadu is one of the fastest growing urban state yet more than half of the population lives in villages and noticeable fact is more than half of them are under the age of 30. So that youth isthe only and powerful source to make agriculture through Family Farming. We believe that if and only if agriculture becomes intellectually, economically viable and bounty which fetches rewards, the younger generation of Tamilnadu will be interested to take forth farming as profession and make Family farming as an attractive one.This paper will explain possible areas to attract youth in Farming and adopt Family Farming System.
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Role of KVKs in Preparing Next Generation Farmers |
S.K. Dhanda1, R.S. Sheoran, P.K. Chahal and Narender Kumar |
1Sr. E.S (Agro-forestry)-cum-Programme Coordinator CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Hisar Haryana - 125004 |
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The future of any country depends on how the youth are moulded. Employment is the key to economic and social development and providing youths with job opportunities is a major issue for all countries irrespective of their level of development. Villages have become a source of cheap labour for growing cities. Meanwhile, rural communities are deprived off the services of rural youth. Increasing pressure on land is compelling youth to get out of farming. In India, there are 639 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) located in every district and also known as the AKC (Agriculture Knowledge Centre). One of the mandate of KVKs is to impart vocational trainings to rural unemployed youth, landless laborer, school dropout boys and girls.The Hisar Districthas been divided into nine blocks and three sub divisions covering 274 villages, with average annual rainfall about 400 mm and the soil type issandy to sandy loam. Sh. Joginder Singh s/o Sh. Mahender Singh, 10+2 passed, 26 yrs. old youth was engaged in traditional cultivation of agricultural crops on his farm at village Saharwa (Hisar). In 2010, he came in contact with KVK, Hisar and got trainings from this centre. He was motivated to diversify his traditional system of agriculture with integrated farming system of vegetable production+ dairy farming+ horticulture+ boundary plantation of agro-forestry multipurpose tree species. With this diversified farming system, his income increased many folds i.e. Rs. 35000/acre to Rs. 4.40 lac/acre/year.
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Good Agricultural Practices (Gap) and Good Dairy Farming Practices (Gdfp) - A Way Forward to Promote the Family Farming and Attract Rural Youth |
S.P. Lal1, S.R.K. Singh2, Jayant Goyal3, Mradula Tiwari4 |
1Ph.D. Scholar, Dairy Extension Division, NDRI, Karnal, 2Sr. Scientist, Zonal Project Directorate, Zone VII, Jabalpur, JNKVV (MP),3Ph.D Scholar, Division of Extension Education, IVRI, Izzatnagar, 4Veterinary Officer, Department of Animal Husbandry, Uttarakhand |
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Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Dairy Farming Practices (GDFPs) is the need of hours because of the several burgeoning issues like- climate change, low food quality etc. GDFPs concept was introduced in 2004 by International Dairy Federation/Food and Agriculture Organization (IDF/FAO) and it was later updated in 2011. GAPs ensure quality food produce that ultimately leads to better heath. Good Agricultural Practices for dairy farmers is about implementing sound practices on dairy farms – collectively called Good Dairy Farming Practices. These practices need to ensure that the milk and milk products produced are safe and suitable for their intended use, and also that the dairy farm enterprise is viable into the future, from the economic, social and environmental perspectives. Since, dairy farmers are in the practice of producing food for human consumption, they must have confidence in the production of safety and quality of the milk. Since the introduction of the concept in 2004,the importance is growing in various countries, and agencies including private, individual farm house or farmers etc. GAPs and GDFPs underpin the production of food and milk that satisfies the highest expectations of the food industry and consumers. Both of these practices are capable of bring good prices to the farmers at their door steps. But the real issues are that both the practices are labour intensive and requires extra care — so, here the concept of ‘family farming’ may come handy. Today, in Punjab and Haryana due to urbanization the land has become too costly and that’s way these days the whole attention of the farmers including their sons’ are on real estate and that is threat to our sustainable development. So, if we want to attract and retain youth in Agriculture then GAPs and GDFPs are panacea for that- as both have greater scope to fetch fair and remunerative prices of the agricultural produce and product.
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Involvement of Tribal Women in Agriculture |
Pradeep Kumar1, Sundaravadivu2,O.P. Mishra3 and Kalyan Ghadei4 |
1&2Research Scholar, Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005,Uttar Pradesh, 3Associate Professor and 4Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005,Uttar Pradesh |
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Agriculture can act as a catalyst in accelerating growth and reducing poverty. Agriculture can be an important engine of growth and poverty reduction. But in spite of its futuristic capabilities, the sector is underperforming because the productivity is reduced because of the constraints faced by the women in agriculture and allied sector. The women are the backbone of agricultural workforce but worldwide their hard works have mostly been unpaid. They have to perform most tedious and back breaking part of work in agriculture, animal husbandry and at homes. The tribal women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro / social forestry, fisheries, etc. Tribal women have to manage, often, complex and multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include producing agricultural crops, tending animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members and maintaining their homes. Women’s participation in rural labour markets varies considerably across regions, but invariably women are over represented in unpaid, seasonal and part-time work, and the available evidence suggests that women are often paid less than men, for the same work.
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Analysis of Constraints Faced by Farm Women in Agriculture |
Kumari Pooja1 and Kumari Arunima2 |
1M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Extension and Communication Management,College of Home Science,R.A.U., Pusa,Samastipur-848125, 2Associate Professor, Department of Extension and Communication Management College of Home Science, R.A.U., Pusa,Samastipur-848125 |
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Women are vital human resources and play a significant role in agricultural and allied sectors undertaking both on-farm and off- farm activities. Yet their contribution has not been recognized and they are considered as invisible workers. Considering this, the present study has been conducted to analysis the constraints faced by farm women in agriculture and allied sectors. A total of 100 farm women were selected as respondents through proportionate random sampling. The selected respondents were interviewed personally using pre-tested well structured interview schedule. The finding showed that the major constraints that farm women faced were limited access to productive resources like land, credit, input,extension services,storage and technical assistance, their absence from decision-making process , less wages and their illiteracy also hindered their progress. Women perform all un-mechanized agricultural tasks and perform multiple tasks, which add more burden to them.
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Information Needs of Farm Women Related to Kharif Paddy: A Study in Bolpur Sub- Division of Birbhum District (W.B.) |
Suparna Bose1 and Sarthak Chowdhury2 |
1Department of Human Resource Development, Jharkhand, 2Department of EES, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal |
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Information is the data that have been put into a meaningful and useful context and communicated to a recipient who uses it to make decisions. Information is needed because of it affects individuals living activities. The present age has rightly termed as an ‘information age’. Information cannot provide finance, inputs or infrastructure. But, it can help in creating awareness about technologies and mobilise people to use them. It also helps in imparting training to people, organising community and ultimately the development of the whole nation. The present study was undertaken to assess the information needs of young farm women (18-35 age group) with respect to kharif paddy cultivation. The study was conducted in Bolpur sub-division of Birbhum district, West Bengal. Results of this empirical study indicated that farm women wanted to know more about selling of product, pest control,nursery raising and disease management. The study also revealed that most preferred sources of information for the young farm women personal localite sources.
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Empowerment of Women Members of Self-Help Group through Rural Pisciculture in Birbhum District of West Bengal |
Rajyosree Roy1, Mihir Mondal2 and Debabrata Roy Gupta3 |
1Department of Zoology, Abhedananda Mahavidyalaya, Sainthia, Birbhum, West Bengal, India, 2State Poultry Farm, Kakdwip, South 24 Parganas. West Bengal, India, 3Livelihood Development Officer, District Rural Development Cell, Birbhum, West Bengal |
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A detailed survey was carried out in all the 19 rural blocks of Birbhum district of West Bengal. Pisciculture is a powerful income generating activity (IGA) by the women Self Help Group (SHG) members related to poverty reductionand employment generation for a vast section of the rural society. Self Help Groups are non-formal cooperatives that are causing a silent revolution in rural India through micro credit and various other economic activities involving women are the major change agents. Nearly, thirty thousand SHGs have been formed in Birbhum district of West Bengal that had made a notable success in micro finance. This study has focused on the functioning of 38 women SHGs of Birbhum district comprising 644 members mainly belonging to Below Poverty Line family.Totally 38 SHGs have been selected for the study. Each group had it unique name and consists of about 10 to 18women members. Information was elicited from all the members of 38 women SHGs, which together formed 644 members, constituting the study sample. The data were collected with the help of semi-structured interview survey schedule. The survey was carried out during the year 2009. Different social class of these fisher women members of the SHGs were assisted under Swarnjayanti Gram SwarojgarYojana. These SHGs were found to save a portion of their meager income and pool that money for their inter-lending among them at an interest decided by the SHG. The survey revealed that cash credit and project loan was used for better sustainability and enhancement of income from pisciculture. Most of the cultural water bodies i.e. ponds were under lease condition. Self Help group members particularly belonged to scheduled caste community actively take part in retail marketing of fish in rural areas.Empowerment of women was undertaken through training and other assistance given by local Panchayat, NGOs and Govt. Officials.The SHG women members increase in self-confidence, leadership qualities, skill to undertake pisciculture and marketing, knowledge of book keeping, enhanced income, linkage with bankand protest against social injustice.
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Pattern of Internet use by Agricultural and Agricultural Engineering Technology Students |
Mandavkar, P.M.1 and M.S.Talathi2 |
1Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension), Krishi Vigyan Kendra Roha, Dist.Raigad,Maharashtra, 2Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Roha, Dist. Raigad Maharashtra |
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Information Technology includes computers and communication technology along with associated software. I.T. can be defined as the technology of creation, processing, storage, retrieval and transmission of data and information. Transmission of data and information between through local national, regional and global telecommunication channels are not new to us. Computer networks have been the real facilitators of data and information interchange in the individual and corporate levels. LANS and WANS are the good examples of it. Developing countries have a critical stake in how successfully they cope with the trade, environmental, energy, healthy, agricultural, industrial, population and other challenges facing them as they enter the information age. The World is experiencing an explosive growth of IT at the moment. There have been tremendous impacts of I.T. on the trade, commerce and industries of the globe.
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Role of ICTs in Family Farming: Experiences and Way Forward |
Saravanan Raj1 and Bhattacharjee Suchiradipta2 |
1Associate Professor (Extension Education and Rural Sociology), Department of Social Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University (CAU), Pasighat – 791 102, Arunachal Pradesh, India,2Ph.D. Scholar in Agricultural Extension, School of Social Sciences, College of Post Graduate Studies, Central Agricultural University (CAU), Umiam (Barapani) – 793 103, Meghalaya, India |
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With the developing world still depending on agriculture to a great extent and rural people depending on it for their livelihood, it comes as no surprise that family farms have been the focus of development in recent times. Family farms have been legacy for most of the farmers and along with it being principal livelihood option for many, the increasing need of agricultural extension services for these farms become more important. But at the same time, the huge gap between the number of famers or farm households and the extension personnel is a reality. And to bridge this gap, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can play a significant role. Another purpose it serves is making agriculture attractive to the young people engaged in farming, mostly by compulsion. ICTs like web portals, mobile phones and social media are the most popular and most widely used and can enhance the interaction among researchers, extension personnel and farmers. The youth today are hooked to the internet and their 1st major activity on the web is social networking. Also, mobile phones are the most popular form of ICTs as has been proven by the sheer number of subscribers worldwide. And these tools, used appropriately, can change the whole structure of agricultural communication. ICTs can be an important part of communication strategies, connecting the youth to peers and professionals.It is true that the ‘apps won’t plough the fields’ but they will definitely help the youth do the job better. ICTs can prove to be a great catalyst in engaging agricultural community in family farms making agriculture attractive and sustainable again.
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Agricultural Extension Services System Supported by Icts in India: Progress and Challenges |
Raghuveer Singh Meena, Mohammad Hashim, Pramod Kumar Prajapati and Richa Sachan |
Research Scholars, Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, Uttar Pradesh |
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The conventional agricultural extension service in India is mainly provided by extension workers visiting farmers to provide agricultural advisory services. This system of extension service provision faces a number of challenges including the few number of extension workers and limited resources. The effectiveness of an impact-driven, radio-based extension service delivery system that has been introduced in some rural areas of India. The system aims to enable extension workers to reach many farmers with minimum efforts. However little is known about the effectiveness of this new extension service delivery system. In rural areas, farmers have started sharing agricultural related information and best practices. Some farmers have also started to change their farming practices. This brings a new finding that farmers can adopt and practice easily what is aired by their fellow farmers in the community radio stations.
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Role of Ict in Betterment of Youth Farming |
Richa Sachan, Sneha Singh, Swati Pahuja and Pramod Kumar Prajapati |
Research Scholars, Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005 |
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Small holdings in developing countries have long been associated with poor farming practices, intensive labour and low income, which make the sector unattractive to a new generation of farmers. Lack of youth interest and involvement in agriculture affects the sustainability and survival of family farms. This interest in farming is further strengthened by ICT providing access to markets and information to boost production. Researchers found that youngsters easily grasp the ICT applications, acquire information, and jump onto new market opportunities. Considering the above facts the present paper will address the issue of the role that ICT can play in invoking the interest of youth in farming.
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Information and Communication Technology in Youth and Rural India: An Overview |
Lokesh Kumar Meena, Shoji Lal Bairwa, Kerobim Lakra and Chandra Sen |
Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) - 221005 |
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Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become one of the basic building blocks of modern society. Young people are the world’s largest resource in development. Forty percent of the world’s population is under 20 years of age while 66 per cent of the total population in the country is below the age of 35 and this youth play very important role in adoption of ICTs. Present study is concerning with Information and Communication Technology, importance of ICTs on youth and rural peoples of our country, the importance of ICTs is not the technology as such, but its enabling function in facilitating enhanced access to information and communication across large distances. It involved development and need of Information and Communication Technology. It also focused on strategies for sustained ICTs growth in India and development ranking of some selected countries. India has been ranked 121st among 157 countries in terms of progress in the realm of information and communication technology.
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Leveraging the Potential of Icts for Training and Development of Rural Youth |
Rupesh Ranjan1, Birendra Kumar2 and Aditya3 |
1P.G. Student (Agricultural Extension), GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 2Dean & Professor, Department of Agricultural Communication, GBPUA&T Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 3Asst.Professor-cum-Junior Scientist, Extension Education, BAC, Sabour, Bihar |
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According to the World Bank, youth present an opportunity for a sustainedeffort to participate in nation’s development process because they possess greaterenergy and potential and have the capacity to drive positive change. Stimulating growthof employment in the agricultural sector remains paramount priority in countries with alarge agricultural sector, as improvements in agricultural productivity can generatemore and better jobs in most developing countries (World Bank, 2008).Youth who possess non-farm skills are 1.4 times more likely to move out ofagriculture. Their age has significant role in favor of shifting out of agriculture, becauseoccupational mobility was higher among younger farmers (Sharma and Bhaduri, 2012).India has the largest youth population in the world. About 70 per cent of India’spopulation is below the age of 35 years, making India the youngest nation in the World.According to some estimates, the proportion of population under 25 years in India is 51per cent. Some experts refer to this large proportion of youth as “demographicdividend” because greater proportion of the population is young and in the workingage-group which can lead to economic growth. However, out of the youth population of460 million, only 333 million youth in India are literate and unemployment rate ishighest (10.6 per cent) among youth (CIA World Factbook, 2012).
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Gender Issues and Access to Icts for Agricultural Farming and Rural Development in Gazipur District of Bangladesh |
Foyez Ahmed Prodhan1 and Md. Safiul Islam Afrad2 |
Lecturer1 and Professor2, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh |
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This study critically examined the access of women farmers to Information and Communications Technology (ICTs) as against their male counterparts. The study was conducted Kapasiaupazila of Gazipur district. A total of 120 respondentswere selected using proportionate random sampling technique and interviewed through structured questionnaires. Data collected were subjected to descriptivestatistics, Chi-square and rank test. The results indicated that the women folk, despite their dominancein agricultural activities, were dominated in terms of access to and full participation in the use of ICTs.In terms of access to agricultural information through ICTs, it was evident that, people in the study area capture the advantages of increased number of ICTs to access information related to their farming business. Most of respondents valued ICTs as easy, fast and convenient way of communicating agricultural information and also allow more contacts among the farmers for family farming along with increase income of the family people in the community. Chi-square analysis on the relationship between socio-economic characteristics of the respondentswith their access to ICTs showed that age, education and innovativeness have significant relationship with therespondents’ access to ICTs. Kruskal Wallis rank test showed that there was a significant difference inthe gender access to and the uses of ICTs (P d” 0.005) with the male dominating the female gender. Chi-squareanalysis revealed that age and educational background and innovativeness of the respondents had significantrelationships with their access to ICTs (P d” 0.005).On the other hand religious/cultural barriers, language barriers and cost of possessing and accessing ICTs were the main reasons for gender disparity in gaining access to ICTs.
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Ict Tools in Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges |
Mohammad Hashim, Raghuveer Singh Meena and Pramod Kumar Prajapati |
Research Scholars, Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005 |
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ICT innovations are bringing new information services to rural areas on which, farmers, as users, will have much greater control than ever over current information channels. A greater opportunity to access the services of ICT innovations is crucial requirement for the sustainable development of the farming system, which is the demand of the time. ICT when applied to the rural and agricultural conditions can improve the linkages between research and farmer sub-systems. The variety of new ICT tools for agriculture is impressive, but the tools need to be placed in an overall context of agricultural information and service needs. By looking at the critical information needs of agriculture and farming communities, the focus should be on applicable and relevant ICT tools for the specific purpose to serve the rural community without compromising with their individual applications towards understanding of their overall role in promoting productive, equitable, and sustainable agriculture. Extension workers well equipped with the ICT can prove more efficient in gathering, storage, retrieving, adaptation and dissemination of broad range of information needed by farmers, thus transforming them from extension workers into knowledge workers. Emergence of such knowledge workers will result in the realisation of the much talked about bottom-up, demand driven technology generation, assessment, refinement and transfer.
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Efficacy of Mass Media in Contributing to Knowledge Empowerment of Farmers for Better Family Farming |
Gopika M.H. |
Assistant Technology Manager (ATM), ATMA Project, Dept. of Agriculture, HoskoteTaluk, Bangalore Rural District- 562114 |
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The main function of extension is to bring a desirable change in human behavior. The extension workers, thus are essentially educators and their most important job is to communicate useful and practical research findings to the farmers in such a way that they understand, accept and adopt. In order to achieve this objective, the extension agencies are disseminating new technologies through different means including mass media like radio, T. V, and print media. Considering the wide areas of coverage, exposure and frequent use by people, the mass media such as television, newspaper and radio play an important role in the transfer of technology. Mass media are increasingly becoming a veritable instrument and tool for transforming agriculture. Hence, mass media play a vital role in agricultural extension. There is a gap between the agricultural researchers and the farmers. A lot of findings from the research institutions and laboratories are not used by the farmers, either because of the information did not reach them, or the received information was not implemented by them. To overcome this problem, mass media play a vital role in diffusing scientific knowledge among the mass. This is used to link researchers and extension workers and collecting the feedback from farming communities. Further, agricultural technology information acquired by farmers through mass media. Generally, the agricultural technology information includes techniques of applying fertilizer, insecticides and fungicides to crops, improved methods of cultivation and conservation techniques of planting, maintenance, harvesting and storage of crops. There are also new technologies of animal husbandry as well as processing and marketing various agricultural products. Hence, mass media is the most effective means of reaching people with new ideas and persuading them to utilize these innovations. The appropriate use can create knowledge and catalyze behavioral change among farming communities for better family farming.
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Mobile Phone Technology- An Eminent Ict Tool for Better Family Farming |
Minu Singh1, Adhiti Bhanotra2, Niketha L1, Sajad Ahmed Wani1 and Mukesh Kumar1 |
1PhD Scholar, Division of Dairy Extension Education, NDRI, Karnal, 2PhD Scholar, Division of Veterinary & A.H. Extension Education, SKUAST-Jammu |
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In 21st century, the world has turned into a global village. This herculean task has been made possible with the advent of ICT tools. When we think of ICT, the most omnipresent tool that comes in our mind is mobile phones. With the increasing rate of mobile phone penetration in the urban as well as in rural areas, it is now possible to connect the farmers leaving in the far-flung areas with the institutes, who are working for the betterment of farming community. Today, mobile phones play a significant role in everybody’s life, besides being an efficient way to stay connected with the family; it also paves a way to bridge the gap between the availability and delivery of agricultural inputs and agricultural infrastructure. Mobile phones provide basic connectivity, mobility and security to owners, it works using the radio spectrum, so no need to rely on physical infrastructure, requires basic literacy only, also its services are available in local language; short message service (SMS), multi-media service (MMS) and voice communication are the added benefits. It allows transfer of data which can be used in the context of applications for the purpose of health, education, commerce and governance. Mobile phones are increasingly affordable due to factors like increased private sector competition and innovative payment methods. Due to high access, its reach, good adoption and real-time interaction mobile phones offer efficient solutions to governments’ communication challenges. Mobile phones helps the farmers in agriculture decision making, as they provide information related to crops, weather forecasting, seeds, fertilizers, bio-pesticides, soil fertility, pest and disease diagnosis, demand and supply of agricultural products, different schemes and technologies. Mobile based initiatives like SMS services related to weather forecast, disease forecast, and market information are issued to farmers by different organizations like IFFCO Kissan Sanchar Limited (IKSL) and Reuters Market Light (RML). Farmers can raise queries related to agriculture and allied sectors using their mobile phone to a farmer call centre which has been operating in every state of India. There are many such initiatives, which are working to provide valuable services, and also it provides opportunities to further explore the potentialities of mobile phones as a tool for transforming the farming scenario of India.
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Community Radio Station: An Effective Tool for Communication |
Binita Rani1, Rakesh Kumar2 and R. K. Sohane3 |
1KVK, Patna;2KVK, Arwal and 3Directorate of Extension Education, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur |
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The role of community radio has been conceptualized as an important and powerful tool for informing, educating, entertaining and influencing the masses. Community Radio Station at KVK, Barh, Patna has brought about useful contributions to the farmers of surrounding villages and broadcasting different programmes related to agriculture, health, hygiene, nutrition and entertainment in the local language. Present study was carried out to see the impact of organic farming related talks.We found it a very effective tool to communicate with small and marginal farmers of surrounding villages for delivering useful information related with agriculture and organic farming.
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Agribusiness: The Way of Attracting and Retaining Rural Youth in Farming |
Shoji Lal Bairwa1 and Saket Kushwaha2 |
ICAR-Zonal Project Directorate, Zone II, Kolkata 700097, West Bengal |
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Rural youth are the future of the agricultural sector in the country. A rising number of rural youth are migrating to urban areas from villages in search of better employment as well as better life. They are migrating towards cities due to limited resources, weak infrastructure, and unemployment in rural areas. Thus, the number of young people in rural areas is falling and the exodus of rural youth means fewer small-scale farmers for today and tomorrow. Agribusiness may prove important tool to stop the exodus of rural youth from rural to urban areas. Agribusiness provides the various employment opportunities in the areas of agricultural inputs, crop production, agro chemicals, fruit and vegetable cultivation, agricultural marketing and processing of agricultural produce. Agribusiness helps in remunerative farming which increases the level of income, employment and living standard of people in rural India. The present paper will discuss the role and importance of agribusiness in attracting and retaining rural youth in farming.
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Innovation and Creativity in Rural Retail Marketing for Indian Scenario |
Bibhu Santosh Behera1, Anama Charan Behera2 and Rudra Ashish Behera3 |
1Ph.D Research Scholar, OUAT Bhubaneswar 2Professor cum Principal in Economics,Department of Economics,Dadhi Baman College,Turumunga,Keonjhar 3Student,MBA,The Techno School,Bhubaneswar |
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Marketers make consistent attempts to innovate tools and strategies to overcome the challenges they face in the business arena. Business innovations are broadly classified under two heads, namely Product / Service innovation. Marketers need to design creative solutions to overcome challenges typical of the rural environment such as physical distribution, channel management, promotion and communication.India’s rural markets offer a sea of opportunity. The urban rural split in consumer spending stands at 9: 11, with rural India accounting for 55 percent of private retail consumption. Indeed the market can be tapped with focused attention and strategy. Currently the Indian retail market is estimated at Rs. 13,30,000 crore and almost half of this growing retail market at present lies in rural India, which is a tremendous growth sector that needs to be tapped with care. This paper examines how the corporate sectors with their innovation and creativity tapping the Indian rural market with their retail marketing.
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Advances in Food Technologies in Relation to the Youth and Enterprise |
H Umesh Hebbar |
Principal Scientist, Department of Food Engineering, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020 |
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The Indian food industry is poised for huge growth, increasing its contribution in world food trade every year. In India, food processing is gaining importance as now it is being considered as profit industry. The increased demand for processed food in the domestic market and Indian foods getting popularized in the global market has put food processing industry on high priority list by the entrepreneurs. Accounting for about 32 percent of the country’s total food market, the food processing industry is one of the largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption and export. The total food production in India is likely to double in the next ten years with the country’s domestic food market estimated to reach US$ 258 billion by 2015. The food industry in India has been attracting a lot of attention from foreign investors in the area of processing, development of infrastructure for storage and transportation and retail marketing and scenario is changing rapidly. The government of India is making all efforts to encourage investments in the sector, mainly to improve infrastructures for cold chain development & processing and also grant-in-aid for setting up laboratories that are equipped for testing food products.The Vision Document-2015 prepared by Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), envisages trebling the size of investment in the processed food sector by increasing the level of processing of perishables from 6 to 20 percent, value addition from 20 to 35 percent and share in global food trade from 1.5 percent to 3 percent by 2015. To achieve these targets, an investment of Rs 100,000 crore (US$ 16.24 billion) is required by the year 2015.As most of the food processing industries are largely unorganized, and rural based there exists a good potential for rural youth to exploit this situation.
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Sweet Corn Cultivation: An Economic Opportunity for Rural Youth in Bihar |
D.K. Baranwal1 and S.S. Solankey2 |
1Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural College, B.A.U., Sabour (Bhagalpur) – 813 210, Bihar, 2Department of Horticulture (Vegetables & Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural College, B.A.U., Sabour (Bhagalpur) – 813 210, Bihar |
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Sweet Corn (Zea mays var. saccharata var. rugosa) also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn is a kind of maize having high sugar content (12 – 15%). It is a very delicious and rich source of energy, vitamin A and vitamin C. It is consumed as raw, boiled or steamed green cobs/ grain. Cooked/ processed sweet corn has significant antioxidant activity which has been suggested to minimize the chance of heart disease and cancer. In addition to this, it is also utilized in preparation of soup, salad and other famous recipes. Besides green cobs, the green fodder is also available to the farmers for their cattle. It requires deep fertile and good drainage loam or sandy loam soil with neutral pH. It germinates best at the temperature range from 20°C - 25°C. Green cobs are harvested after 20 days of pollination during kharif but the days may accorded by season to season. It is ready to harvest in 70-75 days during kharif season and 105 – 110 days during rabi season. After harvesting, green cobs should be immediately transported to the cold storage in refrigerated trucks to avoid the conversion of sugar to starch because loses flavor at high temperature. Being a short duration crop (70-80 days), farmer can earn 2.0 to 2.5 lac rupees per hectare because it require less input i.e. water, manpower and other crop management practices. Therefore, it can generate a good employment for rural youthdue to high demand in hotels for preparation of various dishes.
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Economics of Production and Marketing of Desiccated Coconut Powder in Karnataka |
Arjuman Banu, B.M. Shashidhara, T.N. Venkata Reddy G.N. Nagaraj and K.B. Umesh |
Department of Agricultural Marketing Co-operation and Business Management UAS, GKVK, Bangalore |
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India is one of the leading coconuts producing country in the world. Yet, it does not figure in the list of leading exporting countries of desiccated coconut. The study makes an attempt to examine the Economics of production and marketing of desiccated coconut. The study was conducted in Tiptur taluk of Tumkur district. The primary data was collected from the 10 desiccated coconut entrepreneurs from Tipturtaluk of Tumkur district of Karnataka.The study reveals that desiccated coconut units were utilizing 78.9 per cent of their installed capacity. The net return per tonne of coconut processed by desiccated coconut units was lakh Rs. 32.1, lakh Rs.81.1, and lakh Rs. 114.5 in case of small, medium, and large sized units respectively. On an average Rs. 144.01 lakhs was needed for the establishment of desiccated coconut unit. Out of which the investment on land (53.64%) was a major cost followed by machinery (26.15%), building (15.11%), and power installation (5.11%). The break even analysis showed that all categories of units had processed more than breakeven level. The investment made on desiccated coconut units was realized back within 2 to 3 years. The major constraints faced by desiccated coconut units were lack of skilled labor, limited market for desiccated coconut, higher requirement of working capital, and use of obsolete machines. Motivating the entrepreneurs to improve the quality standards, and modernization of desiccated coconut units need to be considered to improve the performance of desiccated coconut sector.
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Multitier Cropping System for Profitability and Scalability in Vegetable Production |
S.S. Solankey1, Shirin Akhtar2 and Aditya3 |
1,2 Department of Horticulture (Vegetable & Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur), Bihar – 813 210, 3 Department of Extension Education, Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur), Bihar – 813 210 |
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India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world after China with an annual production of 162.19 million tonnes from an area of 9.2 m ha. The requirement of vegetables in the country has increased a lot to meet the nutritional requirement of an estimated 1200 million population expected by 2020-21. Although the productivity levels of vegetables have increased manifold, it would not be sufficient to feed the ever increasing population. Production per unit area of land, time and inputs can be increased by improving efficiency of the rate and extent to which solar energy is harvested for conversion to economic produce. In multiple cropping systems, the possibility of more efficient use of resources like sunlight, nutrient and water per unit area is higher leading to higher production stability. It can be very much successful in high imput requiring crops like vegetables. Intensive cropping involving multi-tiered vegetable crops like pointed gourd + elephant foot yam + cowpea grown on the single piece of land at the same time can generate profits up to Rs 1,30,000 per acre. India ranks first in the youth population. If the energy of these dynamic youth is properly utilized in the field of better agricultural practices, especially vegetable cultivation, it will help improve the national productivity of vegetable crops and generate employment as a whole. Thus, intercropping involving multi-storied/ multi-tier cropping system can serve as well-established practice for sustained supply of vegetables throughout the year through which rural youth can generate high income for sustainable livelihoods and increased per capita income.
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Prospective of Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Integrated Farming System – A Case Study |
Gurnam Singh1, Sardul Mann2, and Satyajeet Yadav3 |
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Fatehabad Haryana 125050, 1DES (Agricultural Economics), KVK, Fatehabad |
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Agriculture is an important component of Indian economy contributing over 14% to the National GDP and employment to about 52% of the workforce. The small farm families form the backbone of Indian agriculture. The sustainability of small farms needs to be continuously supported with appropriate technologies and also with promoting off farm employment opportunities in the rural sector. The role of KVKs’ in preparing the next generation farmers’ through imparting training to update their knowledge and skills in modern agricultural technologies related to technology assessment; refinement, demonstration and training of extension personnel to orient them in the frontier areas of technology development. Sh. Narender Singh s/o Sh. Jagdish Rai, Graduate, 42 years old youth from Dharania Village came in contact with KVK, Fatehabad in 2008 and got training from this centre. He was motivated to diversify his traditional system of agriculture with integrated farming system of Dairy Farming, Vegetable, Seed production, inter cropping of Guar in cotton. He also used neem cake and bio control agents in poly houses for management of root knot nematode. He is re-cycling cow dung from the dairy farm and producing bio gas for domestic consumption with the diversification of farming system. The total expenditure was Rs. 5,55,645 and gross return was Rs. 13,63,100. The farmer benefit cost ratio is 2:45.
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Constraints in the Way of Mushroom Entrepreneurship |
Binita Rani1, Rakesh Kumar2 and R. K. Sohane3 |
KVK, Patna1, KVK, Arwal2 and Directorate of Extension Education3 Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur |
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Human resources are one of the most strategic and critical determinants of growth. A country cannot make rapid social and economic advancement unless it has enterprising people with necessary knowledge, skill and attitudes. Entrepreneurship development not only helps individual to become self reliant but also adds to wealth creation process, thereby paving the way to past growth and development of the nation. Rural entrepreneurship is required to capitalize on the opportunities available and to create job, mainly for rural youth and the farm family. In order to achieve this we are promoting mushroom production and processing as an enterprise for rural youths and farm family through their capacity building activities like training, consultancy, forward and backward linkages and to some extent by making available the much required inputs in the initial stages as the scenario of mushroom production in state is far from satisfactory. With the vast opportunities both at the international and national levels lying at the door steps of India, nothing less than a mushroom revolution in the coming decade will help to achieve the targets of nutritional security of people. During last year we have trained 215 farmwomen and youth in mushroom production and processing out of which 110 trainees started producing it at small scale and selling in the local market. Three villages of Patna district have been developed as “mushroom village” namely Sadikpur, Chaknawada and Mahmadpur. A sample of 100 mushroom growers of Patna district was taken for present investigation. All of them agreed that growing mushroom is a beneficial enterprise as it is capable of recycling agricultural wastes and generating employment opportunities. But, they revealed that important constraints in recommended practices of mushroom cultivation are spawn availability, perishable nature and marketing of mushroom in local villages because of poor infrastructural facility and lack of institutional finance available to them. So, in order to encourage mushroom Production at household level in villages, it is required to uplift farmers, initiating new applications, providing them with adequate marketing information and sufficient agri-business finance knowledge. Two of the most important problems in India, unemployment and malnutrition, will be addressed to a larger extent by promoting the cause of mushroom growing and its utilization as health food.
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Traditional Knowledge of Dairy Farmers about Their Animal Husbandry Practices of Nalanda District of Bihar |
Sanjeev Kumar1, Anand Kumar2, Suryamani Kumar3 and Jitendra Kumar4 |
1Programme Co-ordinator, KVK, Nalanda; 2SMS, KVK, Nalanda; 3Assistant Professor, SGIDT, Patna; 4Dairy Field Officer (Govt.of Bihar) Nalanda |
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Documenting the traditional knowledge system for technology development considers as the first step towards a sustainable agriculture. A study was undertaken in some villages of operational area of KVK, Nalanda district to investigate and document the traditional knowledge system of dairy farmers in the area of Breeding, Feeding, Health care and Management. The findings revealed the materials and practices related to animal husbandry from the study area. The majors among them were like use of Eucalyptus leaves in controlling Haemorrhagic septicemia (Gala ghotu), allowing animal to remain stand in mud for few hours, spread out tobacco leaf power on the infected part of FMD disease, applying brine solution on the animal’s buttock for the treatment of mastitis, feeding banana stem juice in order to controlling diarrohea in dairy animals. Papaya fruits fed to the cattle increases fertility in them, spraying of chhoa for controlling termites, incorporation of tobacco leaf, betel leaf and curry leaf enhances the shelf life of ghee at least by 2 months, use of Eucalyptus leaves in controlling Pneumonia in cattle.
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Challenges Being Faced by Educated Rural Youth Involved in Dairy Farming - A Case Study in Muktsar, Punjab |
Madhu Shelly |
Assistant Professor (Animal Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Muktsar (under Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana), Punjab |
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Dairy farming plays a significant role in rural economy. It provides more avenues for increasing rural incomes and sustaining livelihood. Milk and other dairy products are a major source of protein and calcium for vast vegetarian population of India and demand is likely to double within a decade. Many of the educated youth in rural areas are going back to dairy farming as a natural choice with passion, getting involved deeply, continuously learning and innovating in the process. However these young and intuitive farmers face many challenges especially with regard to technical input and availability of green fodder round the year.In order to address these problems, this study was conducted in Muktsar district of Punjab. The young farmers selected belong to age group ranging from 24-35 years. Seventy percent of the respondents were graduates, among them 25 percent being technocrats. About 65 percent had medium family size (5 members). Eighty five percent of respondents had small land holding ranging from 5-8 acres. For majority of the respondents’ dairy was the primary occupation. Sixty percent of the respondents had obtained 45 day artificial insemination (AI) training from Dairy Development Board, Punjab and themselves did AI on their farm. Many (75 percent) had herd size of 35-40 animals. Majority of the farmers had hired labour for milking and daily care of animals with family members involved in management of the farm. Most of them (65 percent) believed in preparing their own silage and breed improvement. The study revealed that many educated youth in dairy farming were of progressive and scientific temper with entrepreneurship potential but were facing many impediments like low milk yield (4.5 – 6.5 kg/ animal/day), poor breed up gradation, green fodder shortage, a large number of services per conception (3 in majority cases) with artificial insemination (AI), low competence of veterinary service providers in remote rural areas in addition to high veterinary costs, difficulty in marketing milk from crossbred dairy cows due to low preference. It was felt that if sincere and sustained efforts were made by all the stakeholders involved, dairy farming had the potential for all round socio-economic development of rural areas.
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A Study of Knowledge about Dairy Entrepreneurship and Relationship of Variables Towards the Training Need of Milk Producers in Patna District |
Pankaj Kumar1, J. Oraon2, Rajesh Kumar3 and S.K. Rajak4 |
1,4Asstt. Professor (Extension Education), BVC, Patna, 2University Professor & Chairman (Extension Education) RVC, Kanke, Ranchi, 3Asstt. Professor (A.H) BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur |
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The present study was carried out to assess the knowledge level of dairy Entrepreneurs of Patna District and to find the co-relation between the socio-economic variables and the training needs. This study was conducted by personally interviewing 100 dairy farmers, sent for training at B.V.C. Patna by different Agencies. Majority of the respondents (58.20%) had medium level of knowledge flowed by 26% respondents with high level of knowledge, while some of the respondents (15.80%) had low level of knowledge about dairy entrepreneurship. The study of co-relation between socio-economic variables and training need of the respondents showed that variables like education (0.469), social participation (0.500) and the knowledge (0.734) were significantly and positively co-related with the training need. Whereas variables like age (0.063) family size (0.193) and land holding (0.072) were found to be positively but non-significantly co-related with the training needs while, the caste (-0.093) was found to be negatively and non-significantly co-related with the training needs at 0.05% level of probability. Therefore it is imperative on the part of change agency to utilize the variables gainfully so as to give needed push to knowledge level in the area of Dairy entrepreneurship development.
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New Opportunities for Sustainable Family Dairy Farming in Bihar |
Dharmendra Kumar1, Asit Chakravarti2 and Rajesh Kumar3 |
1SMS (Animal Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banka, Bihar -813102, 2Senior Scientist (LPM), ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna 3Assistant Professor-cum-Junior Scientist (AH), Dept. of Agronomy, BAU, Sabour |
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Indian agriculture is an economic symbiosis of crop and cattle population.Millions of family dairy farming dominates India’s dairy industry, contributing 62 percent of total milk produced in the country. So, encouraging family dairy farming in rural areas is necessary to increase the milk production at national level and increase the socioeconomic status of landless and marginal farmer. In rural areas there is a major problem of milk marketing. In urban scarcity of quality milk, other side in villages especially faraway from city there is surplus milk and farmers are not interested to rear more dairy animals. Marketing of surplus milk is main problem because milk is a highly perishable item and farmers not having time and also due to less quantity of surplus milk (3-5 liter) they are not interested to go market. For this we can work in group and collect milk at one place from all members and one person go to market for selling of milk. Extra milk can be used to manufacture other milk products like ghee, peda, paneeretc by other member. Some members also engaged in other work like treatment of animals, collect information of different schemes from related offices. While engaging with rural communities, we recognised that village women are the primary caretakers of cattle and play a significant role in dairy farming. As a result, the Village Woman Dairy DevelopmentProgramme - an initiative focusing on empowering village women engaged in dairy farming.Benefits in dairy farming depend on cost of feeding, medicines, labour and income from sale of milk. Milk price is fixed and not in farmers control so we increase the income through reducing the cost of milk production. Approx 70% cost of milk production on feeding of animals. To reduce cost of feeding and medicine we fed balanced ration to dairy animals. Also reducing cost of production by feeding locally available unconventional feeds through total mixed ration feeding and urea mineral molasses block supplementation.
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Transforming Youths for Better Future Through Dairy Faming |
Ramesh Kumar1, Dahiya D.S.2, Sheokand, R.S.3 Sheokand, B.S.4 and Dhanda S.5 |
1Scientist (Animal Genetics & Breeding), Disease Investigation Lab, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, PanduPindara,Distt. Jind (Haryana), 2,3,4,5 Directorate of Extension Education, Lala LajpatRai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar (Haryana) |
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Livestock is an integral part of agriculture in our country. In the decade, India’s population has grown drastically by 13% to 1.2 billion people. Meeting the nutritional needs of this swiftly growing is a gargantuan challenge. Researchers and young farmers have an important role to play in the India Government strategy to relieve pressure on food resources. The dairy industry is a large and important sector in India. We are the highest milk producers in world and milk is an integral source of nutrition and household income. But per animal production is very low as compared to developed countries. The challenge is to improve production and reproduction of dairy animals. Indian farmers feed their animals with imbalanced ration. Supplementation of mineral and vitamins in feed not only improves health status but also in turn increase the income of dairy farmers. The economic contribution of dairy sector seems to be quite substantial in the agricultural economy as well as in the national economy. Keeping in view the growing importance of dairy sector in the changing national and global economic scenario, the dairy farming vocational training programs are organized in the Extension Center of LUVAS at Jind. To undertake this work,856 young dairy farmers of the area who have successfully completed dairy farming vocational training programmes during the year 2010 to 2013 were selected for the collection of data. The information collected from the trained youths by pre and post evaluation of training, visiting and discussing with them personally was analyzed for their adoption percentage of different technologies to dairy entrepreneurship. It was observed that overall average adoption rate was 36% and unemployed rural youths(78%) with education (10+2 and above) showed keen interest in dairy farming. The knowledge level of the respondent before and after training for breeding, feeding, health care and management was 28.0, 30.0, 38.0, 42.0 and 49.0, 60.0, 76.0, and 86.0%, respectively. Cleaning of sheds (95%), Vaccination against contagious diseases (95%) and ectoparasitic control (85%) were highly adopted by farmers followed by deworming of animals(69%), washing of udder and teats (65%) and colostrums feeding to calves in time etc. It was inferred that balanced feeding fetched more income to farmers (Rs.450-590 per animal /month) with 56% anestrus animals showing estrus symptoms. Mineral mixture feeding increased milk yield to the tune of 2-9 % with 59% animals coming in heat.Colostrum feeding and deworming led to better growth and decreased calf mortality. It was concluded that such type of trainings motivated theyoung farmers for scientific management of herds leading to maximum profits from this vocation.
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Backyard Poultry Farming: A Profitable Enterprise for Rural Youth Farming |
Adhiti Bhanotra1, Minu Singh2 and Jancy Gupta3 |
1&2 Ph.D Scholar at SKUAST-J, & NDRI Karnal, Veterinary Extension Education, 3Ex-Head & Principal Scientist, Dairy Extension Divison, Karnal, Haryana |
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Backyard poultry production is an age old practice in rural India. Rural poultry farming in India contributes to about 40% of the national egg production. In ancient time poultry birds were reared for different purposes such as for its fighting ability. In old civilization, the cocks are known for their morning alarm and the selection is also done for these traits. Their fighting ability is more responsible for their spread than there nutritive value of the chickens. Backyard poultry farming is now gaining considerable momentum in the country and enables rural community to participate, in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities.Backyard poultry farming is being recognized as important component of socio- economic improvement among the weaker section of society; specially rural youth, landless labour, small and marginal farmers. Backyard poultry generates self-employment, provides supplementary income with protein rich food at relatively low cost. Backyard poultry farming is the one among different enterprises in the present situation which gives some assured income to rural youths of the country.Before 1950, poultry keeping in India was largely a backyard venture. During last 3-4 decades Indian poultry industry has shown excellent growth. Poultry farming is a profitable venture as a means of livelihood and income prosperity for rural youth and farmers. The small and marginal farmers may choose backyard poultry farming alternative method for generating good income with their limited land and water use. Keeping in view of demand of poultry eggs and meat in the country and its potential for income and employment generation among rural youth, there is a need to increase the poultry production in the country.
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Factors Dominate on Adoption of Modern Aquaculture Technologies at Fish Farms in Bogra District of Bangladesh |
Md. Hashmi Sakib1 and Md. Safiul Islam Afrad2 |
1Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, EXIM Bank Agricultural University, Bangladesh, 2Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur |
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Bangladesh is a land of rivers, wet lands and tributaries across her deltaic plains in which aquaculture is a potential arena to meet dietary needs of protein. The main objective of this study was to bring out the dominating factors on adoption of modern aquaculture technologies by the fish farmers. The study was conducted in Kahaloo and Sherpurupazilas of Bogra district. Respondent fish farmers were selected using proportionate random sampling technique. Quantitative data were collected using predesigned interview schedule during August to September 2011. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents viz. ‘use of information sources’ ‘innovativeness’, ‘social participation’, ‘commercialization’ and hindrances of adoption i.e. ‘lack of technical knowledge’, ‘unavailability of credits in time’, ‘lack of quality fish fry’, ‘comparatively low market price’, ‘fish fry price is high’, ‘unavailability of quality fish feed’, ‘adulteration of fertilizers’ were the major dominating factors on adoption of modern aquaculture technologies. ‘formulated feed is costly’, ‘high production cost’
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Global Revolution in Hydroponic Farming System : A Lesson From FIJI Island |
Anamika and Paras Nath |
Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Suva, Fiji Island |
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Hydroponics is a plant growth system that provides a more precise control of growth media composition. It offers people the ability to grow food in places where traditional agriculture simply isn’t possible. As Fiji has a warm tropical climate, the development of the tropical fruit and vegetable industry through hydroponics farming to meet local consumption and export market is a lucrative opportunity. The potential for hydroponics farming is enormous and is in demand to sustain production at reliable and consistent level in Fiji. Potential areas for the setting up of hydroponic farms in Fiji include Savusavu, Nadi, Navua, Sigatoka Valley and Labasa. These areas have established theirlogistical status with the market. A wide range of commodities are grown through hydroponics technology which complements the need to harness the “too hot” and “too wet” weather of tropical Fiji. The pristine environment and availability of resources such as water and other hydroponic farming input are added bonus to establishment of such venture. Hydro nut Hydroponic farming system are constructed as simplest form made of bamboo and coconuts using coconut husk as a growing media and worm casting and humus tea are used as fertilizer. It offers some significant benefits over traditional farming, and as word about these benefits spreads, more people will turn to hydroponics for their agricultural needs.As hydroponics allows produce to be grown locally and requires fewer areas to import their crops, there is a reduction in both price and greenhouse gas emissions due to reduced transportation requirements. This saves time and produces healthier,
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