Milk has been an important component of the human diet since ancient times, providing a significant amount of protein, micronutrients, and vitamins that are essential for fighting and alleviating malnutrition. Of the world's total milk production, cow milk contributes 82.7%, followed by milk from buffaloes, goats, sheep, and camels. Cow milk makes up the majority of the world's total milk production.

While cow milk has numerous health benefits, there are also some adverse effects or negative side effects associated with it for certain populations in the world. These adverse effects have been categorized as symptoms of lactose intolerance, a condition characterized by difficulty in digesting milk due to a lack of the enzyme Lactase. Milk allergy occurs due to an adverse immune reaction to certain milk proteins and is usually referred to as cow milk protein allergy (CMPA).

Non-cow (goat, camel, donkey, yak, horse) milks are closely linked to the culinary cultures of many societies around the world. Non-bovine milks are of great interest to researchers in terms of milk production, technology, chemistry, microbiology, safety, nutrition, and health aspects.

1 Buffalo Milk
Kuntal Roy, Anindita Debnath and Partha Pratim Debnath

2 Camel Milk
Rohit Sindhav, Radhika Govani, Manish Kumar P Parmar and Akash Kumar Solanki

3 Goat Milk 
Subhash Prasad, Kunal Kumar Ahuja and Amit Kumar P Patel

4 Goat Farming: A Viable Livelihood Option for Small, Marginal and Landless Farmers and Farm Women in India
Saikat Maji and Neela Madhav Patnaik

5 Sheep Milk
Ankit Kumar J. Thesiya, Kunal Kumar Ahuja, Ashvin Hariyani and Nikunj M. Vachhani

6 Donkey Milk
Partha Pratim Debnath, Kuntal Roy and Anindita Debnath

7 Mare Milk
Pranali Nikam, Sadhna Mourya and Suvartan Ranvir

8 Yak Milk
Venus Bansal, Narender Kumar Chandla and Anindita Debnath

9 Deer Milk
Tamal Sarkar, Anindita Debnath and Anamika Das

10 Human Milk
Janki Suthar

11 Bioactive Peptide in Milk and Milk Products
Mitul Bumbadiya, Sudheendra CVK, Radhika Govani and Miteshkumar N Hingu

12 Microbiota of Non Bovine Milk
Falguni Patra, Raj Kumar Duary and Karuna Meghwal

13 Characteristics of Non Bovine Colostrum
Shamim Hossain, Chandni Dularia and Binod Kumar Bharti 

14 Adverse Effects of Cow Milk on Human Health and Remedies Through Non Bovine Milk
Ronak A. Patel, Arun C. Patel, G. Gopikrishna and Priyanka A. Suvera