This book is designed as a concise and focused resource for candidates preparing for the ARS Main Examination in the discipline of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology. It offers:

• A curated set of instant notes for quick revision.
• Model answers to selected questions from previous years.
• A structured approach to understanding key concepts relevant to the ARS syllabus.

While this book serves as a practical guide for exam readiness, it is not a substitute for comprehensive textbooks in Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Instead, it complements standard references and aims to sharpen the candidate’s ability to articulate scientific knowledge effectively during the Mains Examination.

We hope this compilation supports aspirants in their journey toward becoming part of India’s vibrant agricultural research community.

Dr. Parthasarathi Behera graduated in Veterinary Sciences from the College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, OUAT, completed his M.V.Sc from NDRI, Karnal and Ph.D. from IVRI, Izatnagar. He is working as Associate Professor in the department of Veterinary Biochemistry, CVSc &AH, CAU(I), Aizawl since 2012. He is a core faculty member of BVSc & AH., MVSc and PhD. Dr. Behera has guided 4 MVSc student as major adviser and more than fifty students as member of advisory committee. He has more than 13 years of research and teaching experience in the field of Animal Biochemistry & Biotechnology. He has published 75 research articles in national and international journals and authored 2 books besides number of popular articles, book Chapters and full research paper in conference proceedings. He has successfully completed 2 externally funded research project as Principal Investigator and 1 externally funded research projects as Principal Co-Investigator. Currently he is working on 1 externally funded project. He has received Best Teacher award, Young Scientist award apart from many best paper awards from different professional societies. He is life member of National Academy of Veterinary Sciences (India) and other professional societies.

Dr. Aditya Prasad Sahoo is presently employed as a senior scientist in the Veterinary Biotechnology Division at ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute. He obtained his BVSc & AH from the College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, OUAT; MVSc in Animal Biotechnology from the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and PhD in Animal Biotechnology from the Indian Veterinary Research Institute. He joined as a scientist in 2009 after securing the first rank in ARS/NET examination in Animal Biotechnology. He has more than 16 years of research and teaching experience in the field of Animal Biotechnology. He has published 73 research articles in national and international journals and authored 4 books.

Chapter 1. Explain briefly the molecular organization of eukaryotic plasma membrane (ARS-2006, 2008, 2009)
Chapter 2. Describe the structure of G proteins in brief. Discuss the role of these proteins in signal transduction. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. Describe the structure of the enzyme complex and discuss the enzyme activities involved in catalysis. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 4. Describe the reactions involved in pentose phosphate pathway. Discuss the importance of the pathway. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 5. What is Ketogenesis? What are the causes of Ketosis in ruminants? (ARS-2009)

Chapter 6. Peptides are synthesized by solid phase synthesis method in laboratory. Explain briefly the steps involved in solid phase peptide synthesis (ARS-2009)
Chapter 7. In which cell compartment β-oxidation of fatty acids takes place? Briefly explain the steps involved in β-oxidation. How many ATP molecules are produced when palmitic acid undergoes β-oxidation? (ARS-2009)
Chapter 8. Explain the role of omega-3 fatty acids in human health. Give example for omega-3 fatty acids. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 9. What is α-helix conformation of protein? How is it different from β-sheet conformation? (ARS-2009)
Chapter 10. What is site directed mutagenesis? Describe the methods to introduce site directed mutagenesis. (ARS-2006)
Chapter  11. How gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes? Explain the regulation of Lac and Trp operons with illustration. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 12. Explain the synthesis and processing of rRNA and tRNA. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 13. Ammonia is liberated during the degradation of amino acids. Describe the steps involved in excretion of ammonia from the system. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 14. What are allosteric enzymes? Discuss the regulation of these enzymes with a suitable example. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 15. Describe the structure of E. coli DNA polymerase. Discuss different enzyme activities of the enzyme. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 16. What is RNA splicing? Discuss the role of RNA splicing in the maturation of mRNA. (ARS-2006, 2009)
Chapter 17. List the different proteins and enzymes taking part in bacterial replication. Describe the function of each in replication. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 18. What is microRNA? How is it different from siRNA? Describe the role of microRNA in the regulation of gene expression. (ARS-2009, 2007)
Chapter 19. Explain the propionate metabolism in ruminants (ARS-2007)
Chapter 20. Prove that citric acid cycle is amphibolic in nature. (ARS-2007)
Chapter 21. Discuss the role of various hormones in energy metabolism during fed, starvation, emergency and prolonged starvation situations. (ARS-2007)
Chapter 22. Write down the basic principles and applications of the following techniques? (ARS-2006, 2009)
Chapter 23. Write down the principle and applications of PCR.
Chapter 24. What are reactive oxygen species? Describe various antioxidants in the biological system. (ARS-2007)

Chapter 25. Dietary methionine has at best three important biosynthetic roles in mammals. What are they? Show giving reaction steps. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 26. Describe the conversion of amino acids to other bioactive compounds. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 27. Define the difference between co-translational and post translational translocation of proteins across membranes and explain which process applies to
Chapter 28. What do you understand by detoxification? Explain the role of liver and kidney in detoxification of foreign compounds.
OR
Define the term detoxification. Enlist various types of detoxifications. Describe detoxification of the following compounds.
Chapter 29. What are liver function tests? What are the indications and limitations of liver function tests? Classify liver function tests by giving suitable examples. (ARS-2005, 2010)
OR
Explain the tests based on protein metabolic function of liver.
Chapter 30. What is kidney function test? Classify different kidney function tests.
Chapter 31. Discuss the role of kidney in acid base balance of the body.
Chapter 32. Describe different sources and toxic effects of air pollutants to animals. (ARS-2005)
Chapter 33. Discuss the mechanism of immune suppression in cancer therapy and organ transplantation.
Chapter 34. Describe role of biotechnology in pollution control. (ARS-2005)
Chapter 35. What are zymogens? Give at best six examples with the agent by which they become active. What are marker enzymes? Give the names of marker enzymes for cell organelles. Give the clinical significance of enzyme concentration measurement in blood. (ARS-2005)
Chapter 36. What are isoenzymes? How are they classified? What is the clinical significance of isoenzymes?
Chapter 37. What is apoptosis? Describe the biochemical and molecular changes associated with apoptosis. What advantages are gained by having cells die by apoptosis rather than by necrosis or acute injury? (ARS-2006, 2007, 2009)
Chapter 38. Describe the different types of transport mechanisms across the cell membrane. (ARS-2005)
Chapter 39. Describe the different ways by which recombinant plasmid is introduced into bacteria E. coli.
Chapter 40. Describe about the use of different enzymes in preparation of recombinant DNA molecule.

Chapter 41. What are mucopolysaccharides? Describe mucopolysaccharides in detail and their utility.
Chapter 42. Cytokines mediated signals transmitted by JAK-STAT pathway. Describe the steps involved. (ARS-2009)
Chapter 43. Describe different stages of fatty acid synthesis in E. coli and its regulation.
Chapter 44. Discuss the role of adrenal hormone in biochemical adjustments of body. Enlist hormones of pituitary gland and their release factors.
Chapter 45. a) Enlist the GI tract hormones and describe their function
b) Compare and contrast the metabolic effects of thyroxine and growth hormone.
Chapter 46. Give the mobile carriers of electron transport chain with their function. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 47. Give the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome oxidase. Taking an example each, show the difference between an inhibitor of electron transport and an uncoupler of electron transport with respect to NADH utilization, proton pumping and ATP. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 48. Briefly explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced. How do they differ from polyclonals? (ARS-2006,2007)
Chapter 49. Discuss the application of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and vaccinology. (ARS-2006, 2009)
Chapter 50. Briefly explain what are primary cultures and how they differ from cell lines. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 51. Briefly enumerate the major application of animal cell culture in animal health and production. (ARS-2006)
Chapter 52. Explain various steps in protein synthesis.
Chapter 53. What are the requirements for prokaryotic expression vector? How is it different from a eukaryotic expression vector? How fusion proteins expressed with tagged ligands are purified? (ARS-2006, 2009)
Chapter 54. Describe the implications and applications of recombinant DNA technology in animal health and production.
Chapter 55. Write principle and application of techniques used for protein purification.
Chapter 56. The principle, methodology and application of HPLC.
Chapter 57. Write the principle, application and methodology of isoelectric focusing (IEF).
Chapter 58. Differentiate between adsorption and partition chromatography. Write principles of paper chromatography, TLC, GLC, and care and conditioning of GLC. (ARS-2005)
Chapter 59. Discuss the electrophoresis of proteins and DNA.
Chapter 60. Describe in detail the determination of sequence of bases by Sanger’s method and by Maxam and Gilbert method.

Chapter 61. Discuss the role of volatile fatty acids as energy source in ruminants.
Chapter 62. What is nucleic acid chemistry?
Chapter 63. Mechanism of DNA replication in bacteria.
Chapter 64. Mention the important plasma proteins and their functions.
Chapter 65. Discuss the role of hemoglobin in O? and CO? transport.
Chapter 66. Write short note on ATP synthetase/synthase (ARS-2009)
Chapter 67. Short note on hexagonal phase
Chapter 68. Short note on liposome
Chapter 69. Write short note on molecular chaperones (ARS-2006)
Chapter 70. Short note on STAT proteins (ARS-2006)
Chapter 71. Short note on cell imaging
Chapter 72. Short note on reporter gene
Chapter 73. Short note on nucleic acid probes (ARS-2005)
Chapter 74. Write short note on free radicals
Chapter 75. Short note on oncogenes
Chapter 76. Short note on carcinogenesis
Chapter 77. Discuss the regulation of calcium homeostasis through different hormones.
Chapter 78. Short note on two hybrid analysis
Chapter 79. Discuss post translational modification of proteins
Chapter 80. Short note on integrin (ARS-2005)
Chapter 81. Differentiate between symport and antiport transport system (ARS-2006)
Chapter 82. Short note on glycocalyx (ARS-2005)
Chapter 83. Write short note on E. coli promoter and its function. (ARS-2006)

Chapter 84. Explain genetic code – degenerate
Chapter 85. Short note on wobble hypothesis
Chapter 86. Differentiate between initiator tRNA fMet–tRNAfMet and non-initiator methionyl tRNA Met–tRNAMet (ARS- 2005)
Chapter 87. Short note on G-protein coupled receptors
Chapter 88. Short note on enzyme-linked receptors
Chapter 89. Differentiate between α-amylase and β-amylase (ARS-2006)
Chapter 90. Short note on non-protein amino acids
Chapter 91. Describe the structure of E. coli ribosome
Chapter 92. Differentiate between primer and template
Chapter 93. Write short note on biosensor (ARS-2006)
Chapter 94. Short note on cell surface glycoprotein/glycosylation
Chapter 95. Write short note on S-phase of cell growth (ARS-2006)
Chapter 96. Differentiate between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition (ARS-2011)
Chapter 97. Differentiate between coenzyme and cofactor (ARS-2011, 2021)
Chapter 98. Write short note on glycogen storage disease (ARS-2021)
Chapter 99. Write short note on mRNA vaccine
Chapter 100. Short note on proteoforms
Chapter 101. Short note on protein structure prediction
Chapter 102. Short note on cardiac glycosides (ARS-2023)
Chapter 103. Short note on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology (ARS-2023)
Chapter 104. Short note on hybridoma cell production or hybridoma technology (ARS-2021)
Chapter 105. Short note on Kreb’s bicycle